Method for processing tissue samples

ABSTRACT

This disclosure provides methods for producing a sample of subcellular organelles, particularly nuclei, from a tissue. In some embodiments, this disclosure provides a method of processing a tissue sample involves performing enzymatic/chemical disruption of tissue in a chamber to produce disrupted tissue comprising released cells and/or nuclei and debris; separating the released cells and/or nuclei from the debris therein; and moving the released cells and/or nuclei. In some instances, the method comprises mechanical disruption of the tissue sample.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S.application Ser. No. 16/301,249, filed on Nov. 13, 2018 (Jovanovich,Zaugg, Chear, McIntosh and Pereira, “Method and Apparatus for ProcessingTissue Samples”), which claims the benefit of international applicationPCT/US17/63811, filed on Nov. 29, 2017 (Jovanovich, Zaugg, Chear,McIntosh and Pereira, “Method and Apparatus for Processing TissueSamples”), which claims the priority date of provisional patentapplication 62/526,267, filed Jun. 28, 2017, (Jovanovich, Chear,McIntosh, Pereira, and Zaugg, “Method and Apparatus for Producing SingleCell Suspensions and Next Generation Sequencing Libraries for bulk DNAand Single-Cells from Tissue and Other Samples”), which also claims thepriority date of provisional patent application, 62/427,150, filed Nov.29, 2016, (Jovanovich, Zaugg, Chear, Wagner, Kernen, and McIntosh,“Method and Apparatus for Producing Single Cell Suspensions from Tissueand Other Samples), the contents of which are incorporated herein intheir entirety and the benefit of the priority date of provisionalpatent applications.

STATEMENT OF FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT (IF ANY)

None.

The names of the parties to a joint research agreement if the claimedinvention was made as a result of activities within the scope of a jointresearch agreement:

None.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING”

None.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A) Field of Invention

This invention relates to the field of sample preparation frombiological materials. More specifically, the invention relates to theprocessing of solid tissues into single cells, nuclei, biomolecules, andprocessed samples for bioanalysis.

B) Description of Related Art

Analysis of single cells and groups of cells is now beginning to provideinformation to dissect and understand how cells function individuallyand unprecedented insight into the range of individual responsesaggregated in ensemble measurements. Single cell methods forelectrophysiology, flow cytometry, imaging, mass spectrometry (Lanni, E.J., et. al. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2014; 25(11):1897-907.), microarray(Wang L and KA Janes. Nat Protoc. 2013; 8(2):282-301.), and NextGeneration Sequencing (NGS) (Saliba A. E., et. al. Nucleic Acids Res.2014; 42(14):8845-60.) have been developed and are driving an increasedunderstanding of fundamental cellular processes, functions, andinterconnected networks. As the individual processes and functions areunderstood and differentiated from ensemble measurements, the individualinformation can in turn lead to discovery of how network processes amongcells operate. The networks may be in tissues, organs, multicellularorganisms, symbionts, biofilms, surfaces, environments, or anywherecells interact.

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of single cells is rapidly changing thestate of knowledge of cells and tissue, discovering new cell types, andincreasing understanding of the diversity of how cells and tissuefunction. Single cell NGS RNA sequencing (Saliba A. E., et. al., NucleicAcids Res. 2014; 42(14):8845-60.) (Shapiro E. et. al., Nat Rev Genet.2013; 14(9):618-30.) is unveiling the complexity of cellular expression,and the heterogenity from cell to cell, and from cell type to cell type(Buettner F. et. al., Nat Biotechnol. 2015; 33(2):155-60.). In situsequencing (Ke R et. al., Nat Methods. 2013; 10(9):857-60.), (Lee J H,et. al., Nat Protoc. 2015; 10(3):442-58.) (Lee J H, et. al., Science.2014, 21; 343(6177):1360-3.) has shown the feasability of directlysequencing of fixed cells. However, for RNA, many fewer reads aregenerated with in situ sequencing, biasing against detection of lowabundant transcripts. Photoactivatable tags have been used to capturemRNA from single cells (Lovatt, D., et. al., Nat Methods. 2014;11(2):190-6.) from known location in tissue, albeit with low throughputcapture and manual cell collection.

The NGS market has grown explosively over the last 10 years with costsreductions and throughput increases exceeding Moore's law. Theapplications have expanded from whole genome sequencing to RNA-Seq,ChIP-Seq, exome sequencing, to now single-cell sequencing, single nucleisequencing, and many other exciting applications. The power and low costof NGS is broadly changing life sciences and moving into translationalmedicine and the clinic as precision medicine begins. Until recent yearsessentially all of the NGS analysis was of ‘bulk samples’ where thenucleic acids of numerous cells had been pooled. There is a need forsystems that integrate the sample preparation of single-cellsuspensions, and single-cell libraries, and bulk libraries starting fromoriginal unprocessed specimens.

Single-cell sequencing is rapidly changing the state of knowledge ofcells and tissue, discovering new cell types, and increasing theunderstanding of the diversity of how cells and tissue function.Single-cell RNA sequencing (Shapiro E. Biezuner T, Linnarsson S.Single-cell sequencing-based technologies will revolutionizewhole-organism science. Nat Rev Genet. 2013; 14(9):618-30. PMID:23897237) has highlighted the complexity of cellular expression, and thelarge heterogeneity from cell-to-cell, and from cell type-to-cell type(Buettner F. Natarajan K N, Casale F P, Proserpio V, Scialdone A, TheisF J, Teichmann S A, Marioni J C, Stegle O. Computational analysis ofcell-to-cell heterogeneity in single-cell RNA-sequencing data revealshidden subpopulations of cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2015; 33(2):155-60.PMID: 25599176). Single-cell sequencing (Wang., Y. and N. E. Navin.Advanced and Applications of single-cell sequencing technologies.Molecular Cell. 2015. 58:598-609. PMID 26000845.) is being applied todevelopment, brain structure and function, tumor progression andresistance, immunogenetics, and more.

Single cell nucleic acid sequencing technology and methods using NGS andNext Next Generation Sequencing (NNGS), such as nanopores, are rapidlyevolving. Common components are incorporation of a marker or barcode foreach cell and molecule, reverse transcriptase for RNA sequencing,amplification, and pooling of sample for NGS and NNGS (collectivelytermed NGS) library preparation and analysis. Starting with isolatedsingle cells in wells, barcodes for individual cells and molecules havebeen incorporated by reverse transcriptase template switching beforepooling and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification (Islam S. et.al. Genome Res. 2011; 21(7):1160-7.) (Ramskold D. et. al. NatBiotechnol. 2012; 30(8):777-82.) or on a barcoded poly-T primer withlinear amplification (Hashimshony T. et. al. Cell Rep. 2012 Sep. 27;2(3):666-73.) and unique molecular identifiers (Jaitin D. A. et. al.Science. 2014; 343(6172):776-9.).

Recent pioneering work has used the power of nanodroplets to performhighly parallel processing of mRNA from single cells with reversetranscription incorporating cell and molecular barcodes from freedprimers (inDrop) (Klein A. M. et. al. Cell. 2015; 161(5):1187-201.) orprimers attached to paramagnetic beads (DropSeq) (Macosko E. Z. et. al.Cell. 2015; 161(5):1202-14.) and using micronozzles such as described bythem or Geng T. et. al. Anal Chem. 2014; 86(1):703-12 or others, and;the lysis conditions and reverse transcriptase described by (Fekete R.A. and A. Nguyen. U.S. Pat. No. 8,288,106. Oct. 16, 2012) areincorporated by reference cited therein are incorporated by reference,including instrumentation, chemistry, workflows, reactions conditions,flowcell design, and other teachings. Both inDrop and DropSeq arescalable approaches have change the scale from 100s of cells previouslyanalyzed to 1,000s and more.

Single-cell sequencing is now providing new information to biologists,genomic scientists, and clinical practitioners, and the single-cellmarket is growing explosively, perhaps the next great disruption in lifesciences and medicine. Multiple companies are providing systems to takesingle-cell suspensions and create Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-Seq) libraries that are analyzed by the robust NGS sequencing andanalysis pipeline. No system integrates the upstream process to producesingle-cell suspensions for NGS single-cell sequencing or has integratedfrom tissue to single-cell libraries.

The production of single-cells or nuclei or nucleic acids from solid andliquid tissue is usually performed manually with a number of devicesused without process integration. A combination of gentle mechanicaldisruption with enzymatic dissociation has been shown to producesingle-cells with the highest viability and least cellular stressresponse (Quatromoni J G, Singhal S, Bhojnagarwala P, Hancock W W,Albelda S M, Eruslanov E. An optimized disaggregation method for humanlung tumors that preserves the phenotype and function of the immunecells. J Leukoc Biol. 2015 January; 97(1):201-9. doi:10.1189/jlb.5TA0814-373. Epub 2014 Oct. 30.).

Many manual protocols for dissociating different tissues exist, forexample, Jungblut M., Oeltze K., Zehnter I., Hasselmann D., Bosio A.(2009). Standardized Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from MouseLung Tissue using the gentleMACS Dissociator. JoVE. 29, doi:10.3791/1266; Stagg A J, Burke F, Hill S, Knight S C. Isolation of MouseSpleen Dendritic Cells. Protocols, Methods in Molecular Medicine. 2001:64: 9-22. Doi: 10.1385/1592591507.; Lancelin, W., Guerrero-Plata, A.Isolation of Mouse Lung Dendritic Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (57), e3563, 2011.DOI: 10.3791/3563; Smedsrod B, Pertoft H. Preparation of purehepatocytes and reticuloendothelial cells in high yield from a singlerat liver by means of Percoll centrifugation and selective adherence. JLeukocyte Biol. 1985: 38: 213-30.; Meyer J, Gonelle-Gispert C, Morel P,Bühler L Methods for Isolation and Purification of Murine LiverSinusoidal Endothelial Cells: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE 11(3) 2016:e0151945. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151945.; Kondo S. Scheef E A,Sheibani N, Sorenson C M. “PECAM-1 isoform-specific regulation of kidneyendothelial cell migration and capillary morphogenesis”, Am J PhysiolCell Physiol 292: C2070-C2083, (2007); doi: 10.1152/ajpce11.00489.2006.;Ehler, E., Moore-Morris, T., Lange, S. Isolation and Culture of NeonatalMouse Cardiomyocytes. J. Vis. Exp. (79), e50154, doi:10.3791/50154(2013).; Volovitz I Shapira N, Ezer H, Gafni A, Lustgarten M, Alter T,Ben-Horin I, Barzilai O, Shahar T, Kanner A, Fried 1, Veshchevl,Grossman R, Ram, Z. A non-aggressive, highly efficient, enzymatic methodfor dissociation of human brain-tumors and brain-tissues to viablesingle cells. BMC Neuroscience (2016) 17:30 doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0262-y; F. E Dwulet and M. E. Smith, “Enzymecomposition for tissue dissociation,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,215, Sep. 14,1999.

For example, solid tissue of interest is usually dissected and thenminced into 1-5 mm pieces by hand or a blender type of disruptor isused. Enzymes or a mixture of enzymes, such as collagenases,hydrauronadase, papain, proteases, DNase, etc., are added and thespecimen incubated, typically with shaking or rotation to aiddissociation to prepare single cells or nuclei from tissue. In manyprocedures, the specimen is titurated multiple times or mechanicallydisrupted. The mechanical disruption may be through orifices, grinding,homogenization, forcing tissue through screens or filters, sonication,blending, bead-beating, rotors with features that dissociate tissue, andother methods to physically disrupt tissue to help produce single cells.

Following dissociation, in some embodiments the dissociated sample ispassed through a filter, such as a 70 □m filter, to retain clumps ofcells or debris. The filtrate which contains single cells or nuclei maybe further processed to change the media or buffer; add, remove, ordeactivate enzymes; concentrate cells or biomolecules, lyse red bloodcells, or capture specific cell types. The processing typically involvesmultiple steps of centrifugation and resuspension, density gradients, ormagnetic bead capture of specific cell types using antibodies or otheraffinity capture ligands, or fluorescent cell-activated sorting (FACS).The titer and viability of the single-cell suspension is usuallydetermined using optical imaging with a microscope and haemocytometer,or an automated instrument. In many cases, the viability is determinedusing Trypan blue or fluorescent dyes. Quality control can includecharacterization of the nucleic acids by gel electrophoresis on aninstrument such as a BioAnalyzer, or the determination of the expressionof certain genes using reverse transcripatase and quantitativepolymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), or other relevant methods.

The rapid production of nuclei can give a snapshot of gene expression(Habib N, Li Y, Heidenreich M, Swiech L, Avraham-Davidi I, Trombetta JJ, Hession C, Zhang F, Regev A. Div-Seq: Single-nucleus RNA-Seq revealsdynamics of rare adult newborn neurons. Science. 2016 Aug. 26;353(6302):925-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad7038. Epub 2016 Jul. 28.;Grindberg R V, Yee-Greenbaum J L, McConnell M J, Novotny M,O'Shaughnessy A L, Lambert G M, Arako-Bravo M J, Lee J, Fishman M,Robbins G E, Lin X, Venepally P, Badger J H, Galbraith D W, Gage F H,Lasken R S. RNA-sequencing from single nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2013 Dec. 3; 110(49):19802-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1319700110. Epub 2013Nov. 18.).

The production of nuclei from tissue can be performed using a Douncehomogenizer in the presence of a buffer with a detergent that lysescells but not nuclei. Nuclei can also be prepared starting from singlecell suspensions (CG000124_SamplePrepDemonstratedProtocol_-_Nuclei_RevB,10× Genomics,https://assets.contentful.com/an68im79xiti/6FhJX6yndYy0OwskGmMc8I/48c341c178feafa3ce21f5345ed3367b/CG000124_SamplePrepDemonstratedProtocol_-_Nuclei_RevB.pdf)by addition of a lysis buffer such as 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM NaCl, 3 mMMgCl2 and 0.005% Nonidet P40 in nuclease-free water and incubation for 5min on ice before centifugation to pellet the nuclei followed byresuspension in a resuspension buffer such as 1×PBS with 1.0% BSA and0.2 U/μl RNase Inhibitor. The nuclei may be repeatedly pelleted andresuspended to purify them or density gradients or other purificationmethods used. The titer and viability of the nuclei suspension isusually determined using optical imaging with a microscope andhaemocytometer, or an automated instrument with viability determinedusing Trypan blue or fluorescent dyes.

The multi-process workflow to produce and characterize single-cells andnuclei from tissue is a usually performed manually using several deviceswithout process integration, limiting the scalablity of single cellsequencing and the integration with downstream processes to create asample-to-answer system. It is laborious and requires skilledtechnicians or scientists, and results in variability in the quality ofthe single-cells, and, therefore, in the downstream libraries, analysis,and data. The multiple steps and skill required can lead to differingqualities of single cells or nuclei produced even from the samespecimen. Today, the production of high quality single-cells can takemonths of optimization.

Standarization is necessary before routine single-cell preparation canbe performed, particularly in clinical settings. In addition, the lengthof the process and the process of dissociation can lead to the tissueand cells changing physiology such as altering their expression of RNAand proteins in response to the stresses of the procedure, accentuatedby potentially long processing times. A crucial recent insight is thatcell processing methods can alter gene expression by placing cells understress. For example, the use of protease to dissociate cells fromtissue, confounding analysis of the true transcriptome (Lacar B, LinkerS B, Jaeger B N, Krishnaswami S, Barron J, Kelder M, Parylak S, PaquolaA, Venepally P, Novotny M, O'Connor C, Fitzpatrick C, Erwin J, Hsu J Y,Husband D, McConnell M J, Lasken R, Gage F H. Nuclear RNA-seq of singleneurons reveals molecular signatures of activation. Nat Commun. 2016Apr. 19; 7:11022. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11022. PMID: 27090946.).

Robust, automated sample preparation is required to simplify workflowsbefore full integration can be achieved with downstream NGS analysis toproduce true sample-to-answer systems in the future. Robust processesare required that will input a wide range of tissues from a wide rangeof organisms and tissues and produce high-quality single-cell or nucleisuspensions without intervention, at acceptable viability forsuspensions, with minimal changes to gene expression patterns.

To achieve a standardized process will require a system that automatesthe sample preparation of cells or nuclei from tissue with a single-usedisposable cartridge. In some cases, microvalves can be used incartridges. Microvalves are comprised of mechanical (thermopneumatic,pneumatic, and shape memory alloy), non-mechanical (hydrogel, sol-gel,paraffin, and ice), and external (modular built-in, pneumatic, andnon-pneumatic) microvalves (as described in: C. Zhang, D. Xing, and Y.Li., Micropumps, microvalves, and micromixers within PCR microfluidicchips: Advances and trends. Biotechnology Advances. Volume 25, Issue 5,September-October 2007, Pages 483-514; Diaz-Gonzalez M., C.Fernandez-Sanchez, and A. Baldi A. Multiple actuation microvalves in waxmicrofluidics. Lab Chip. 2016 Oct. 5; 16(20):3969-3976.; Kim J.,Stockton A M, Jensen E C, Mathies R A. Pneumatically actuated microvalvecircuits for programmable automation of chemical and biochemicalanalysis. Lab Chip. 2016 Mar. 7; 16(5):812-9. doi: 10.1039/c51c01397f;Samad M F, Kouzani A Z. Design and analysis of a low actuation voltageelectrowetting-on-dielectric microvalve for drug delivery applications.Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2014; 2014:4423-6. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944605.; Samad M F, Kouzani A Z. Design and analysisof a low actuation voltage electrowetting-on-dielectric microvalve fordrug delivery applications. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2014;2014:4423-6. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944605.; Lee E, Lee H, Yoo S I,Yoon J. Photothermally triggered fast responding hydrogels incorporatinga hydrophobic moiety for light-controlled microvalves. ACS Appl MaterInterfaces. 2014 Oct. 8; 6(19):16949-55. doi: 10.1021/am504502y. Epub2014 Sep. 25.; Liu X, Li S. An electromagnetic microvalve for pneumaticcontrol of microfluidic systems. J Lab Autom. 2014 October;19(5):444-53. doi: 10.1177/2211068214531760. Epub 2014 Apr. 17; Desai AV, Tice J D, Apblett C A, Kenis P J. Design considerations forelectrostatic microvalves with applications inpoly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidics. Lab Chip. 2012 Mar. 21;12(6):1078-88. doi: 10.1039/c21c21133e. Epub 2012 Feb. 3.; Kim J, KangM, Jensen E C, Mathies R A Lifting gate polydimethylsiloxane microvalvesand pumps for microfluidic control. Anal Chem. 2012 Feb. 21;84(4):2067-71. doi: 10.1021/ac202934x. Epub 2012 Feb. 1; Lai H, Folch A.Design and dynamic characterization of “single-stroke” peristaltic PDMSmicropumps. Lab Chip. 2011 Jan. 21; 11(2):336-42. doi:10.1039/c01c00023j. Epub 2010 Oct. 19).

Fluidic connections between cartridges and the instrument fluidics canbe achieved by the use of spring-loaded connectors and modularmicrofluidic connectors as taught by Jovanovich, S. B. et. al. Capillaryvalve, connector, and router. Feb. 20, 2001. U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,616 andJovanovich; S. B. et. al. Method of merging chemical reactants incapillary tubes, Apr. 22, 2003, U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,839; and Jovanovich,S., I. Blaga, and R. McIntosh. Integrated system with modularmicrofluidic components. U.S. Pat. No. 7,244,961. Jul. 17, 2007. whichare incorporated by reference and their teachings which describe themodular microfluidic connectors and details of modular microfluidicconnectors, including their use as multiway valves, routers, and otherfunctions including microfluidic circuits to perform flowthroughreactions and flow cells with internally reflecting surfaces.

The surface chemistries of the paramagnetic beads and conditions to bindcells or precipitate, wash, and elute nucleic acids and otherbiomolecules onto surfaces is well understood, (Boom, W. R. et. al. U.S.Pat. No. 5,234,809. Aug. 10, 1993.), (Reeve, M. and P. Robinson. U.S.Pat. No. 5,665,554. Sep. 9, 1997.), (Hawkins, T. U.S. Pat. No.5,898,071. Apr. 27, 1999.), (McKernan, K. et. al. U.S. Pat. No.6,534,262. Mar. 18, 2003.), (Han, Z. U.S. Pat. No. 8,536,322. Sep. 17,2013.), (Dressman et al., “Transforming single DNA molecules intofluorescent magnetic particles for detection and enumeration of geneticvariation” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100(15):8817-8822 (2003)), (Ghadessyet al., “Directed evolution of polymerase function by compartmentalizedself-replication”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98(8):4552-4557 (2000)),(Tawfik and Griffiths, “Man-made cell-like compartments for molecularevolution” Nat. Biotech. 16(7):652-656 (1998)), (Williams et al.,“Amplification of complex gene libraries by emulsion PCR” Nat. Meth.3(7):545-550 (2006)), and many chemistries are possible and within thescope of the instant disclosure.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein is a Sample Processing System that processes originalor processed samples for bioanalysis. The Sample Processing Systemprocesses are comprised of enzymatic and mechanical disruptionmechanisms with integrated fluidic processes. This invention enables,among other things, the implementation of a Sample Processing Systemthat inputs solid, liquid, or gaseous samples including tissue or otherbiological samples, and processes the samples for bioanalysis and otheranalyses.

In some embodiments, the sample or specimen is a tissue specimen. Thetissue can be from any source such as a human, animal, or plant tissue.Examples of tissues include, without limitation, a biopsy sample, acellular conglomerate, an organ fragment, whole blood, bone marrow, abiofilm, a fine needle aspirate, or any other solid, semi-solid,gelatinous, frozen or fixed three dimensional or two dimensionalcellular matrix of biological. In another embodiment the releasednucleic acid is bound to a membrane, chip surface, bead, surface, flowcell, or particle. The term specimen is used to mean samples and tissuespecimens.

In one embodiment the Sample Processing System is used for tissueprocessing. A Tissue Processing System embodiment can be implemented asa flexible, extensible system that can process solid or liquid tissueand other samples into single cells, nuclei, organelles, andbiomolecules with mechanical and enzymatic or chemical processes toproduce single cells in suspension, nuclei, subcellular components, andbiomolecules such as macromolecules comprised of nucleic acids,comprised of DNA and RNA; proteins; carbohydrates; lipids; biomoleculeswith multiple types of macromolecules; metabolites; and other biologicalcomponents, including natural products for bioanalysis. In someembodiments, the Tissue Processing System performs affinity or otherpurifications to enrich or deplete cell types, organelles such asnuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes, or other organelles, or extracellularfluids. In some embodiments the Tissue Processing System can perform NGSlibrary preparation. In some embodiments, the Tissue Processing Systemprocesses tissue into single-cell libraries for sequencing includingSanger, NGS, NNGS and other nucleic acid sequencing technolgies, orprotoeomics, or other analytical methods.

Disclosed herein are different embodiments of Sample Processing Systemsthat integrate two or more of the overall steps to take samples fromspecimens (i.e., tissue, biofilms, other multi-dimensional matrices withcells or viruses, liquids) and prepare single cell or nuclei insuspensions or on surfaces, or further process the specimens intobiomolecules including macromolecules comprised of nucleic acids,comprised of DNA and RNA; proteins; carbohydrates; lipids; biomoleculeswith multiple types of macromolecules: metabolites; and other biologicalcomponents, including natural products). In some embodiments specimencan be processed into NGS sequencing libraries, or fully integrated withan analytical system to produce a sample-to-answer systems such asasample-to-answer genomic system.

In some embodiments the Sample Processing System can be integrated withdownstream bioanalysis to create a sample-to-answer system. In apreferred embodiment of the Sample Processing System, a TissueProcessing System processing embodiment is integrated with a nucleicacid bioanalysis system to sequence nucleic acids from tissues.Integrated is used to mean the workflows directly interface or in othercontexts that the physical system directly interfaces or is incorporatedinto a system, instrument, or device. In one embodiment, the TissueProcessing System is integrated with a nucleic acid sequencer to producea sample-to-answer system.

The Sample Processing System can have multiple subsystems and modulesthat perform processing or analysis. In a preferred embodiment of theSample Processing System, one or more cartridges performs one or moresteps in the processing workflow. In some embodiments the cartridgeshave multiple processing sites such as processing chambers that canprocess more than one sample. In some embodiments a cap couplesmechanical disruption on the cartridge from a Physical DissociationSubsystem. In some embodiments reagents from an Enzymatic and ChemicalDissociation Subsystem are delivered to the cartridge by a FluidicSubsystem to regions that are used as Pre-Processing Chambers andProcessing Chambers to disrupt or dissociate specimen and process thecells, subcellular components, and biomolecules for bioanalysis.

The addition of fluids can be controlled by a Fluidic Subsystem with thecomplete system controlled by software in a Control Subsystem which caninclude the user interface through a device comprised of monitor,embedded display, touch screen; or through audio commands through thesystem or an accessory devices such as a cell phone or microphone. Insome instances the Control Subsystem can include interfaces tolaboratory information management systems, other instruments, databases,analysis software, email, and other applications.

In some embodiments, the amount of dissociation is monitored atintervals during the dissociation and in some instances the viabilitydetermined during processing using a Measurement Subsystem. The degreeof dissociation and/or viability can be determined inside the maindissociation compartment and/or in a separate compartment or channel,and/or in the external instrument.

In some embodiments, cell imaging solutions, such as cell type specificantibodies, stains, or other reagents, can be added to the tissue orsingle cells or nuclei for additional processing or imaging. The imagingcan capture cells, subcellular structures, or histological or otherdata. In some embodiments the images can be analyzed to direct theoperation and workflow of the Sample Processing System through decisionstrees, hash tables, machine learning, or artificial intelligence.

In some embodiments, single cells or nuclei in suspension or on surfacesare further processed using magnetic bead or particle technologies usinga Magnetic Processing module to purify or deplete cell types, nuclei,nucleic acids, or other biomolecules.

The term singulated cells is used to mean single cells in suspension oron a surface or in a well including a microwell or nanowell such thatthey can be processed as single cells. The term singulated cells is alsoused at times to encompass single nuclei.

In one embodiment, the specimen is added to a cartridge which performsboth physical and enzymatic dissociation of the tissue. In someembodiments the Singulator System performs tituration and other physicaldissociation modalities as a step or steps in the process of singulatingcells. The physical dissociation modalities include passing the specimenthrough screens, filters, orifices, grinding, blending, sonication,smearing, bead beating, and other methods known to one skilled in theart to physically disrupt tissue to help produce single cells or nucleior nucleic acids or other biomolecules.

In one embodiment, the Sample Processing System is a Singulator Systemembodiment. The Singulator System described can input raw, unprocessedsamples, or other primary or secondary samples, and output single cellsor nuclei ready for single cell or nuclei analysis or for additionalprocessing, e.g., to purify specific cell types with antibodies or bycell sorting or growth, library preparation, or many other applications.A Singulator System embodiment dissociates single cells or nuclei fromspecimens such as tissue, blood, bodily fluid or other liquids or solidscontaining cells to produce single cells in suspensions or nuclei, or onsurfaces, in matrices, or other output configurations. In a preferredSingulation System described embodiment, there is a cartridge thatinputs tissue and/or other specimens and outputs single cells or nuclei,preferably of known titer in a buffer supplemented with media such asHank's buffer with 2% fetal calf serum.

In some embodiments, the Sample Processing System, such as a SingulatorSystem embodiment, uses enzymes to assist in the process of singulatingcells including enzymes to preserve nucleic acids and prevent clumping.The enzymes are comprised of but not limited to collagenases (e.g.,collagenases type I, II, III, IV, and others), elastase, trypsin,papain, tyrpLE, hyaluronidase, chymotrypsin, neutral protease, pronase,liberase, clostripain, caseinase, neutral protease (Dispase®), DNAse,protease XIV, RNase inhibitors, or other enzymes, biochemicals, orchemicals such as Triton X-100, Nonidet P40, detergents, surfactants,etc. In other embodiments, different reagents or mixtures of reagentsare applied sequentially to dissociate the biological sample or specimeninto single-cell suspensions.

In some embodiments the Singulator System produces cell suspensions ofknown titers and viability. In some embodiments the Singulator Systemmonitors the viability and/or the amount of singulation of a sample andadjusts the treatment time and concentration of enzymes or otherdissociation agents by monitoring of the dissociation, for example bythe production of single cells or nuclei. The monitoring can be in realtime, in intervals, or endpoints or any combinations thereof.

The Singulator System can in some embodiments select from sets ofreagents to dissociate tissue and adjust according to production ofsingle cells or viability of cells as monitored by the system, in someinstances in real time, at intervals, or as an endpoint. The single-cellsuspensions produced by the Singulator System can be used to generatecells with therapeutic application, e.g., re-grow new tissues and/ororgans and/or organisms.

The Singulator System has advantages over existing technology and canproduce single cells, nuclei, or biomolecules from tissue in anautomated and standardized instrument that can in some embodimentsprocess the specimens into NGS libraries or other preparations. TheSingulator System will enable users, e.g., researchers, clinicians,forensic scientists, and many disciplines to perform identicalprocessing on biosamples, reducing user variability, and throughputconstraints of manual processing.

Embodiments of the Singulation System can prepare single-cells or nucleior nucleic acids for analysis by methods comprised of DNA sequencing,DNA microarrays, RNA sequencing, mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy,electrophysiology, flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and many otheranalytical methods well known to one skilled in the art includingmultidimensional analysis (e.g., LC/MS, CE/MS, etc.). In addition,single-cell suspensions or on surfaces or matrices can be used to growadditional cells including genetically altered by methods such asCRISPR, engineered viral or nucleic acid sequences, in tissue culture,or to grow tissues or organs for research and therapeutic purposes.

The Singulator System embodiment described is compatible withcommercially available downstream library preparation and analysis byboth NGS and NNGS sequencers. The term NGS is used to connote either NGSor NNGS sequencers or sample preparation methods as appropriate. Ascontemplated herein, next generation sequencing or next-next generationsequencing refers to high-throughput sequencing, such as massivleyparallel sequencing, (e.g., simultaneously (or in rapid succession)sequencing any of at least 1,000, 100,000, 1 million, 10 million, 100million, or 1 billion polynucleotide molecules). Sequencing methods mayinclude, but are not limited to: high-throughput sequencing,pyrosequencing, sequencing-by-synthesis, single-molecule sequencing,nanopore sequencing, semiconductor sequencing, sequencing-by-ligation,sequencing-by-hybridization, RNA-Seq (Illumina), Digital Gene Expression(Helicos), next generation sequencing, Single Molecule Sequencing bySynthesis (SMSS) (Helicos), massively-parallel sequencing, Clonal SingleMolecule Array (Solexa), shotgun sequencing, Maxam-Gilbert or Sangersequencing, primer walking, sequencing using PacBio, SOLiD, Ion Torrent,Genius (GenapSys) or nanopore (e.g., Oxford Nanopore, Roche) platformsand any other sequencing methods known in the art.

In another aspect provided herein is an apparatus, composition ofmatter, or article of manufacture, and any improvements, enhancements,and modifications thereto, as described in part or in full herein and asshown in any applicable Figures, including one or more features in oneor more embodiment.

In another aspect provided herein is an apparatus, composition ofmatter, or article of manufacture, and any improvements, enhancements,and modifications thereto, as described in part of in full herein and asshown in any applicable Figures, including each and every feature.

In another aspect provided herein is a method or process of operation orproduction, and any improvements, enhancements, and modificationsthereto, as described in part or in full herein and as shown in anyapplicable Figures, including one or more feature in one or moreembodiment.

In another aspect provided herein is a method or process of operation orproduction, and any improvements, enhancements, and modificationsthereto, as described in part or in full herein and as shown in anyapplicable Figures, including each and every feature.

In another aspect provided herein is a product, composition of matter,or article of manufacture, and any improvements, enhancements, andmodifications thereto, produced or resulting from any processesdescribed in full or in part herein and as shown in any applicableFigures.

In one embodiment the single-cell suspension is prepared for abioanalysis module for downstream analysis including but not limited tosequencing, next generation sequencing, next next generation sequencing,proteomic, genomic, gene expression, gene mapping, carbohydratecharacterization and profiling, lipid characterization and profiling,flow cytometry, imaging, DNA or RNA microarray analysis, metabolicprofiling, functional, or mass spectrometry, or combinations thereof.

In another aspect provided herein is a data analysis system thatcorrelates, analyzes, and visualizes the analytical information of asample component such as its viability, degree of single cell or nucleidissociation, with the processing step and measures the change overtime, and/or amount of enyzmatic activity, and/or physical disruptionsof the original biological specimen.

In another aspect provided herein is a data analysis system thatcorrelates, analyzes, and visualizes the analytical information of asample component such as its viability, degree of single cell or nucleidissociation, with the processing step and measures the change overtime, and/or amount of enyzmatic activity, and/or physical disruptionsof the original biological specimen and adjusts the processingparameters from the analytical information.

The Singulator System is a novel platform that automates andstandardizes the only portion of the single-cell NGS workflow that hasnot been automated. This will have broad impacts. Processstandardization will be critical for comparison of data from lab to labor research to researcher. The Human Cell Atlas project intends tofreely share the multi-national results in an open database. However,with no standardization of the complete process, direct comparisons willgreatly suffer from widely varying impacts of the first processing stepof producing single-cells or nuclei from tissue. Additionally, whensingle-cell or nuclei sequencing becomes clinically relevant, thestandardization and de-skilling of the production of single-cells ornuclei will be required to be performed by an automated instrument suchas the Singulator System.

In another aspect, provided herein is a system comprising: (a) aninstrument comprising: (i) one or more cartridge interfaces configuredto engage a cartridge; (ii) a fluidics module comprising: (1) one ormore containers containing one or more liquids and/or gasses; (2) one ormore fluid lines connecting the containers with fluid ports in thecartridge interface; and (3) one or more pumps configured to moveliquids and/or gasses into and/or out of the fluid port(s); (iii) amechanical module comprising an actuator; (iv) optionally, a magneticprocessing module comprising a source of magnetic force, wherein themagnetic force is positioned to form a magnetic field in the processingchamber; (v) optionally, a measurement module; (vi) optionally, acontrol module comprising a processor and memory, wherein the memorycomprises code that, when executed by the processor, operates thesystem; and (b) one or more cartridges, each engaged with one of thecartridge interfaces, wherein each cartridge comprises: (i) a sampleinlet port; (ii) one or more cartridge ports communicating with thefluid ports in the cartridge interface; (iii) a preprocessing chambercommunicating with the sample inlet port and with at least one cartridgeport, and comprising a tissue disruptor configured for mechanicaldisruption of tissue, wherein the tissue disruptor engages with and isactuated by the actuator when the cartridge is engaged with thecartridge interface; (iv) a strain chamber communicating with thepreprocessing chamber configured to separate cells and/or nuclei fromdisrupted tissue; (v) a processing chamber communicating with the strainchamber, optionally communicating with one or more cartridge ports andconfigured to perform one or more processing steps on separated cellsand/or nuclei; and (vi) optionally, one or more waste chambersfluidically connected with the processing chamber. In one embodiment thetissue disruptor comprises a grinder, a pestle or a variable orifice. Inanother embodiment the system further comprises a barcode reader. Inanother embodiment the system comprises a measurement module (v) thatperforms optical imaging to measure titer, clumping, and/or viability ofcells or nuclei or properties of biomolecules. In another embodiment thesystem comprises a measurement module (v) and a control system (vi),wherein the measurement module measures, and one or more time points,characteristics of a sample in the processing chamber, and controlsystem comprises code that determines a state of the sample, e.g.,viability or degree of single cell or nuclei dissociation, and thatadjusts processing parameters. In another embodiment the system furthercomprises (c) an analysis module, wherein an input port of the analysismodule is in fluid communication with the processing chamber. In anotherembodiment the analysis module performs an analysis selected from one ormore of: DNA sequencing, next generation DNA sequencing, next nextgeneration DNA sequencing, proteomic analysis, genomic analysis, geneexpression analysis, gene mapping, carbohydrate characterization andprofiling, lipid characterization and profiling, flow cytometry,imaging, DNA or RNA microarray analysis, metabolic profiling, functionalanalysis, and mass spectrometry. In another embodiment the cartridgeinterface comprises a means of positioning the cartridge in theinstrument that engages the fluidic module and the mechanical module andoptionally is temperature controlled. In another embodiment thecartridge is disposable.

In another aspect provided herein is a method comprising: (a) providinga tissue sample to a preprocessing chamber; (b) automatically performingmechanical and enzymatic/chemical disruption of the tissue in thepreprocessing chamber to produce disrupted tissue comprising releasedcells and/or nuclei and debris; (c) automatically moving the disruptedtissue into a strain chamber comprising a strainer and/or filter andseparating the released cells and/or nuclei from the debris therein; and(d) automatically moving the released cells and/or nuclei into aprocessing chamber. In another embodiment (d) further comprisesperforming at least one processing step on the released cells and/ornuclei in the processing chamber. In another embodiment processingcomprises one or more automatically performed processes selected from:(I) lysing cells; (II) capturing cells; (Ill) isolating nucleic acid;(IV) isolating protein; (V) converting RNA into cDNA; (VI) preparing oneor more libraries of adapter tagged nucleic acids; (VII) performing PCR;(VIII) isolating individual cells or individual nuclei in nanodrops ornanoboluses; and (IX) outputting released cells and/or nuclei intooutput vessels such as 8 well strip tubes, microtiter plates, Eppendorftubes, a chamber in the cartridge, or other vessels capable of receivingcell suspensions. In another embodiment the method further comprises:(e) automatically capturing the released cells and/or nuclei in theprocessing chamber by binding to magnetically attractable particlescomprising moieties having affinity for the cells and/or nuclei andapplying a magnetic force to the processing chamber to immobilize thecaptured cells and/or nuclei. In another embodiment the method furthercomprises: (e) automatically monitoring cell and/or nuclei titer in theprocessing chamber and, when the titer reaches a desired level,exchanging a dissociation solution used to dissociate the tissue for abuffer.

In another aspect provided herein is a cartridge comprising: (i) asample inlet port; (ii) one or more cartridge ports configured tocommunicate with fluid ports in a cartridge interface; (iii) apreprocessing chamber communicating with the sample inlet port and withat least one cartridge port, and comprising a tissue disruptorconfigured for mechanical disruption of tissue, wherein the tissuedisruptor engages with and is actuated by the actuator when thecartridge is engaged with the cartridge interface; (iv) a strain chambercommunicating with the preprocessing chamber configured to separatecells from disrupted tissue; (v) a processing chamber communicating withthe strain chamber, optionally communicating with one or more cartridgeports and configured to perform one or more processing steps onseparated cells; and (vi) optionally, one or more waste chambersfluidically connected with the processing chamber. In another embodimentthe cartridge further comprises a cap that opens and closes the sampleinlet port. In another embodiment the cap comprises a tissue disruptorelement that moves about rotationally and back and forth along an axis.In another embodiment the cartridge further comprises a holder. Inanother embodiment the cartridge further comprises a top piece and abottom piece connected by collapsible element which allow the top pieceand/or the bottom piece to move relative to the holder. In anotherembodiment the holder comprises a mesh screen. In another embodiment thecartridge further comprises a grinding element for grinding tissue inthe preprocessing chamber. In another embodiment the cartridge furthercomprises a barcode comprising information about the cartridge and/orits use. In another embodiment the cartridge further comprises a plungerconfigured to move slideably within the preprocessing chamber.

In another aspect provided herein is a variable orifice device fordisrupting tissue comprising: (a) a first container and a secondcontainer fluidically connected through a flexible tube comprising alumen; (b) an adjustable clamp positioned to clamp the flexible tube,wherein adjusting the clamp alters the cross-sectional area of thelumen; and (c) one or more pumps or devices operatively coupled with thefirst and/or second containers configured to push liquid in onecontainer through the flexible tubing into the other container. Inanother embodiment the adjustable clamp comprises an eccentric camoperatively coupled to a motor, wherein rotating the cam closes or opensthe clamp.

In another aspect provided herein is a method for disrupting tissuecomprising: (a) providing a variable orifice device comprising firstcontainer and a second container fluidically connected through aflexible tube comprising a lumen; (b) moving a sample comprising tissuefrom one of the containers through the flexible tube to another one ofthe containers; (c) decreasing the cross-sectional area of the lumen andmoving the sample from one of the containers through the flexible tubeto another one of the containers; (d) repeating step (c) one or moretimes to disrupt the tissue.

In another aspect provided herein is a method of determining an amountof amplification of a nucleic acid molecule comprising amplifying thenucleic acid molecule with primers comprising random barcode (e.g., abarcode wherein each round of amplification adds in additional barcodeto an amplified nucleic acid molecule); and after amplification,counting incorporated barcodes, wherein the number of incorporatedbarcodes indicates the amount of amplification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The skilled artisan will understand that the drawings, described below,are for illustration purposes only. The drawings are not intended tolimit the scope of the present teachings in any way.

FIG. 1 shows a Sample Processing System that processes specimens ortissue specimens into biocomponents such as single cells or nuclei forbioanalysis.

FIG. 2 shows a Tissue Processing System that processes tissue specimensinto biocomponents such as single cells or nuclei or other forbioanalysis.

FIG. 3 shows an example of the workflow to prepare and analyze singlecells or nuclei for NGS analysis. Tissue samples are dissociated intosingulated cells before processing into typically single-cell cDNA whensamples can be pooled for library preparation, sequencing, and analysis.Different embodiments of the implementation can integrate differentsegments of the workflow.

FIG. 4 shows a high level overview of the workflow for a SingulatorSystem to generate for example single cell or nuclei or biomoleculesfrom a specimen or tissue specimen.

FIG. 5 shows an overview Singulator System and some exemplary modules.Tissue specimens or other specimens processed into single cells, nuclei,nucleic acids, single-cell libraries and other biologicals through theuse of one or more cartridges and one or more of the PhysicalDissociation Subsystem, the Enzymatic and Chemical DissociationSubsystem, the Measurement Subsystem, the Fluidic Subsystem, the ControlSubsystem, and a Magnetic Module.

FIGS. 6A-K shows an example of a process with a cartridge that processesspecimens into single cells, nuclei, or other biocomponents.

FIGS. 7A-G shows a cartridge with an orifice.

FIG. 8 shows a device that can perform mechanical processing ofspecimens with fluidic and mechanical control.

FIG. 9 shows an automated device to create a variable orifice.

FIG. 10A—D shows four types of automated mechanical dissociation methodsand examples of tissue processing.

FIG. 11 is an example of part of a cartridge designed to physicallydisrupt a specimen with a rotating plunger.

FIGS. 12A-C illustrates a rotating disruptor with staggered grindingfeatures on a rotor and stator.

FIG. 13 is a design of a magnetically coupled rotating disruptor withexternal spiral features to circulate fluid through a centralcirculation region as grinding features disrupt the tissue specimen.

FIG. 14 is a design of a magnetically coupled rotating disruptor thatcan exert adjustable force on the specimen. The disruptor has externalspiral features to circulate fluid through a central circulation regionas grinding features disrupt the specimen which is initially placedbelow the rotating disruptor.

FIGS. 15A-D show designs of rotating disruptors with different pitchesof spiral external features.

FIGS. 16A-E shows an example of a rotating disruptor with externalspiral features and an example ofa rotating disruptor with both internaland external spiral features.

FIGS. 17A-D illustrates a rotating disruptor assembly with a mesh topsurface to grind the specimen and an internal spiral to circulatefluids.

FIG. 18 shows a three chamber cartridge with cap containing a plungerwith two PreProcessing chambers and one Processing chamber for avariable orifice implementation.

FIG. 19 shows a cutaway of a cap design for a grinding implementation.

FIG. 20 shows seven paired grinder rotors and grinder stators.

FIG. 21 shows an AutoSingulator instrument with a cartridge.

FIG. 22A-B shows the titer and viability of processing eight fresh mousetissues into single cells using the AutoSingulator instrument with acartridge.

FIG. 23 shows the titer of processing mouse tissue into nuclei using theAutoSingulator instrument with a cartridge.

FIG. 24A-B shows the titer and viability of processing a range of sizesof mouse tissues into single cells using the AutoSingulator instrumentwith a cartridge.

FIG. 25 shows the titer and viability of processing a range of sizes ofmouse tissues into nuclei.

FIG. 26 illustrates using gene expression to monitor and developprocesses on cartridges.

FIG. 27 shows the workflow for a Singulator System embodiment in theupper part of the figure, a single-sample design in the bottom left anda four-sample system design in the bottom right.

FIG. 28 shows the overall design concept of the Cell Singulation modulefor a prototype showing functional modules.

FIG. 29 shows an example of a Single-Sample Singulation System withmechanical disruption in the cartridge with a bank of enzymes andreagents on the instrument.

FIG. 30 shows a layout for a Magnetic Module.

FIG. 31 shows an example of a Single-Sample Singulation System withmechanical disruption in the cartridge with a bank of enzymes andreagents on the instrument with temperature control and a cartridgeinsertion mechanism.

FIG. 32 shows a detail of the cartridge insertion of a Single-SampleSingulation System.

FIG. 33 is an example of a user interface for a Singulation System.

FIG. 34 shows a cartridge and how the Fluidic Subsystem deliversreagents to the cartridge.

FIG. 35 shows electronics diagram and the hardware controlled by theelectronics.

FIG. 36 illustrates an example of a cartridge cap and means of couplingto the instrument.

FIGS. 37A-C shows an example of a vertical cartridge that integratesprocessing of tissue.

FIG. 38 shows the modules in an Enhanced Singulator System.

FIG. 39 is an illustration of a flowcell and optical module.

FIG. 40 shows a five layer cartridge designed to integrate multiplefunctions into one cartridge.

FIG. 41 shows a Single Libarian embodiment with the workflow integratedand automated for multiple steps from tissue to single-cell librariesand other libraries, such as bulk nucleic acid libaries.

FIG. 42 is an example of a microfluidic nozzle used to createnanodroplets with beads and single-cells.

FIG. 43 is an exemplary workflow for the Single Librarian.

FIG. 44 shows an example of using transposons to produce a sequencinglibrary from double stranded DNA from a specimen.

FIG. 45 shows an example workflow of library preparation from doublestranded DNA.

FIG. 46 illustrates the processing of mRNA to cDNA on a bead.

FIG. 47 shows a sample-to-answer embodiment configured to process tissueinto genetic information.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

NGS, mass spectrometry, FACS, and other modern high-throughput analysissystems have revolutionized life and medical sciences. The progressionof information has been from the gross level of organism, to tissue, andnow to single cell analysis. Single cell analysis of genomic, proteomicincluding protein expression, carbohydrate, lipid, and metabolism ofindividual cells is providing fundamental scientific knowledge andrevolutionizing research and clinical capabilities.

All patents, patent applications, published applications, treatises andother publications referred to herein, both supra and infra, areincorporated by reference in their entirety. If a definition and/ordescription is set forth herein that is contrary to or otherwiseinconsistent with any definition set forth in the patents, patentapplications, published applications, and other publications that areherein incorporated by reference, the definition and/or description setforth herein prevails over the definition that is incorporated byreference.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, areintended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process,method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is notnecessarily limited only to those features but may include otherfeatures not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method,article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary,“or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example,a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true(or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or notpresent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (orpresent). Both plural and singular means may be included.

Specimen: The term “specimen,” as used herein, refers to an in vitrocell, cell culture, virus, bacterial cell, fungal cell, plant cell,bodily sample, or tissue sample that contains genetic material. Incertain embodiments, the genetic material of the specimen comprises RNA.In other embodiments, the genetic material of the specimen is DNA, orboth RNA and DNA. In certain embodiments the genetic material ismodified. In certain embodiments, a tissue specimen includes a cellisolated from a subject. A subject includes any organism from which aspecimen can be isolated. Non-limiting examples of organisms includeprokaryotes, eukaryotes or archaebacteria, including bacteria, fungi,animals, plants, or protists. The animal, for example, can be a mammalor a non-mammal. The mammal can be, for example, a rabbit, dog, pig,cow, horse, human, or a rodent such as a mouse or rat. In particularaspects, the tissue specimen is a human tissue sample. The tissuespecimen can be liquid, for example, a blood sample, red blood cells,white blood cells, platelets, plasma, serum. The specimen, in othernon-limiting embodiments, can be saliva, a cheek, throat, or nasal swab,a fine needle aspirate, a tissue print, cerebral spinal fluid, mucus,lymph, feces, urine, skin, spinal fluid, peritoneal fluid, lymphaticfluid, aqueous or vitreous humor, synovial fluid, tears, semen, seminalfluid, vaginal fluids, pulmonary effusion, serosal fluid, organs,bronchio-alveolar lavage, tumors, frozen cells, or constituents orcomponents of in vitro cell cultures. In other aspects, the tissuespecimen is a solid tissue sample or a frozen tissue sample or a biopsysample such as a fine needle aspirate or a core biopsy or a resection orother clinical or veternary specimen. In still further aspects, thespecimen comprises a virus, bacteria, or fungus. The specimen can be anex vivo tissue or sample or a specimen obtained by laser capturemicrodissection. The specimen can be a fixed specimen, including as setforth by U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2003/0170617 filed Jan.28, 2003.

In some embodiments, the single cells can be analyzed further forbiomolecules including one or more polynucleotides or polypeptides orother macromolecules. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides caninclude a single-stranded or double-stranded polynucleotide. In someembodiments, the polypeptide can include an enzyme, antigen, hormone orantibody. In some embodiments, the one or more biomolecules can includeRNA, mRNA, cDNA, DNA, genomic DNA, microRNA, long noncoding RNA,ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, chloroplast DNA, mitochondrial DNA, orother nucleic acids including modified nucleic acids and complexes ofnucleic acids with proteins or other macromolecules.

It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that theembodiments and implementations are not necessarily inclusive orexclusive of each other and may be combined in any manner that isnon-conflicting and otherwise possible, whether they be presented inassociation with a same, or a different, embodiment or implementation.The description of one embodiment or implementation is not intended tobe limiting with respect to other embodiments and/or implementations.Also, any one or more function, step, operation, or technique describedelsewhere in this specification may, in alternative implementations, becombined with any one or more function, step, operation, or techniquedescribed in the summary. Thus, the above embodiment and implementationsare illustrative rather than limiting.

FIG. 1 shows a Sample Processing System 50 that can input specimen 101and process them to produce biologicals such as single cells 1000 ornuclei 1050, or other biocomponents comprised of subcellular components1060, and biomolecules 1070 such as macromolecules 1071 and nucleicacids 1072, comprised of DNA 1073 and RNA 1074; proteins 1075;carbohydrates 1076; lipids 1077; biomolecules 1070 with multiple typesof macromolecules 1071: metabolites 1078; and other biologicalcomponents, including natural products 1079 for bioanalysis.

FIG. 2 shows a Tissue Processing System 80 that can input tissuespecimens 120 and other specimens 101 and process them to producebiologicals such as single cells 1000 or nuclei 1050, or otherbiocomponents comprised of subcellular components 1060, and biomolecules1070 such as macromolecules 1071 and nucleic acids 1072, comprised ofDNA 1073 and RNA 1074; proteins 1075; carbohydrates 1076; lipids 1077;biomolecules 1070 with multiple types of macromolecules 1071,metabolites 1078; and other biological components, including naturalproducts 1079 for bioanalysis.

FIG. 3 shows the overall workflow for single-cell NGS sequencing fromtissue through singulated cell preparation of single-cell suspensions toprocessing of the single-cells into cDNAs typically to librarypreparation, NGS sequencing, analysis, and applications. The first stepis forming singulated cells in a suspension. In the workflow shown, thisconsists of mincing tissue, digesting extracellular matrix, filteringthrough a 70 □m filter, pelleting the cells, lysis of red blood cellswith Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium (ACK) buffer, pelleting of the cells,and cryopreservation in fetal bovine serum with 10% DMSO. After thegeneration of droplets or capture of cells, the single-cell workflowshown in FIG. 3 is well integrated using the installed ultrahighthroughput, low cost, NGS infrastructure. The downstream sequencingprocess, sequence readout, and analysis has great capacity at a lowcost. However, the upstream production of single cells 1000 or nuclei1050 suspensions is not integrated and relies on manual processing ofspecimens 101.

Referring to FIG. 4, the Singulation System 100 accepts one or morespecimens 101 or tissue specimens 120 and processes them to producebiologicals such as single cells 1000 or nuclei 1050, or otherbiocomponents comprised of subcellular components 1060, and biomolecules1070 such as macromolecules 1071 and nucleic acids 1072, comprised ofDNA 1073 and RNA 1074 and single cell libraries 1200 for bioanalysis.

Referring to FIG. 5, in many embodiments, the Singulation System 100processing is performed in cartridges 200 in the system. Tissuespecimens 120 or other specimens 101 are converted to single cells 1000or nuclei 150 through the use of cartridge 200 with one or more of thePhysical Dissociation Subsystem 300, the Enzymatic and ChemicalDissociation Subsystem 400, the Measurement Subsystem 500, the FluidicSubsystem 600, the Control Subsystem 700, and the Magnetic Module 900.

The Physical Dissociation Subsystem 300 can perform physical disruptionby passing the specimen through orifices, grinding, rotating a rotorwith features to dissociate tissue, forcing tissue through screens ormesh, sonication, blending, homogenization, bead beating, and othermethods known to one skilled in the art to physically disrupt tissue tohelp produce single cells.

The Enzymatic and Chemical Dissociation Subsystem 400 can performenzymatic disruption by adding formulations of a reagents or mixture ofcomponents comprised of but not limited to collagenases (e.g.,collagenases type I, II, III, IV, and others), elastase, trypsin,papain, hyaluronidase, chymotrypsin, neutral protease, clostripain,caseinase, neutral protease (Dispase®), DNAse, protease XIV, RNaseinhibitors, or other enzymes, biochemicals, or chemicals such as EDTA,protease inhibitors, buffers, acids, or base.

Another aspect or the Enzymatic and Chemical Dissociation Subsystem 400can perform chemical disruption or chemical and enzymatic disruption isby adding formulations of a chemicals that might disrupt tissue orcellular integrity such as Triton X-100, Tween, Nonident P40, othersurfactants, or chemicals that can dissociate tissue into cells orproduce nuclei or other organelles.

In other embodiments, different reagents or mixtures of reagents areapplied sequentially to dissociate the biological sample or specimeninto single cells. The physical and enzymatic/chemical dissociationsystems can be separate from each other, or they can be co-located(e.g., acting upon the sample simultaneously or sequentially).

In some embodiments, the amount of dissociation is monitored atintervals during the dissociation or at the endpoint, and in someinstances the viability is determined during processing using aMeasurement Subsystem 500. The Measurement Subsystem 500 can be anoptical imaging device to image cells using brightfield, phase contrast,fluorescence, chemiluminescence, near-field, or other optical readouts,or an electrical measurement, such as an impedance measurement of thechange in conductivity, when a cell passes through a sensor, or othertypes of measurement.

The addition and movement of fluids can be performed by a FluidicSubsystem 600. The Fluidic Subsystem 600 can use syringe pumps,piezopumps, on-cartridge pumps and valves, pressure, pneumatics, orother components well known to one skilled in the art.

The Singulation System 100 can be controlled by software in a ControlSubsystem 700 which can be comprised of a user interface 740 through amonitor, embedded display, or a touch screen 730. In some instances theControl Subsytem 700 can include interfaces to laboratory informationmanagement systems, other instruments, analysis software, displaysoftware, databases, email, and other applications. The ControlSubsystem 700 can include control software 725 and scripts that controlthe operation and in some embodiments the scripts can be revised,created, or edited by the operator.

In another aspect provided herein is a device for the dissociation of abiological sample, the device comprising: (i) a biological sample orspecimen 101; (ii) a cartridge 200 capable of dissociating tissue; (iii)an instrument to operate the cartridge 200 and provide fluids as needed(iv) a measurement module 500 such as an optical imaging to measuretiter, clumping, and/or viability, (v) exchange of dissociation solutionfor buffer or growth media at the desired titer, and (vi) output vesselssuch as a chamber in the cartridge, 8 well strip tubes, microtiterplates, Eppendorf tubes or other vessels capable of receiving cellsuspensions.

In another aspect provided herein is a device for the dissociation of abiological sample and the production of single-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050suspensions or matched bulk nucleic acids 1010 or single cell libraries1200 or matched bulk libraries 1210, the device comprising: (i) achamber or area to input a biological sample or specimen; (ii) acartridge capable of dissociating tissue or specimen; (iii) aninstrument to operate the cartridge and provide fluids as needed (iv) ameasurement module such as an optical imaging to measure titer,clumping, and/or viability, (v) exchange of dissociation solution forbuffer or growth media at the desired titer, (vi) the production ofsingle-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspensions or single cell libraries1200, and matched bulk nucleic acid libraries 1210, in output vesselssuch as 8 well strip tubes, microtiter plates, Eppendorf tubes, achamber in the cartridge, or other vessels capable of receiving cellsuspensions.

Referring to FIG. 5, a Magnetic Processing module 900 can use magneticprocessing of magnetic and paramagnetic particles or beads, referred toas beads, to separate single cells 1000, or cell types or nuclei 1050,or other biocomponents comprised of subcellular components 1060, andbiomolecules 1070 such as macromolecules 1071 and nucleic acids 1072,comprised of DNA 1073 and RNA 1074; proteins 1075; carbohydrates 1076;lipids 1077; biomolecules 1070 with multiple types of macromolecules1071, metabolites 1078; and other biological components, includingnatural products 1079 for bioanalysis. In some embodiments the beadshave a surface chemistry that facilitates the purification of thebiologicals in conjunction with the chemical conditions. In otherembodiments the bead have affinity molecules comprised of antibodies,aptamers, biomolecules, etc. that specifically purify certainbiologicals such as cell types, nucleic acids, nuclei 1050, or othercomponents of tissue or samples.

In another aspect provided herein is a device for the dissociation andsingle-cell library preparation of a biological sample, the devicecomprising: (i) a chamber or area to input a biological sample orspecimen; (ii) a cartridge 200 capable of dissociating tissue specimens120 into single-cells 1000 and then produce single-cell libraries 1200;(iii) an instrument to operate the cartridge 200 and provide fluids asneeded (iv) a measurement subsystem 500 such as an optical imaging tomeasure titer, clumping, and/or viability, (v) exchange of dissociationsolution for buffer at the desired titer, (vi) a magnetic processing orother processing chamber or tubing to perform magnetic separations,normalizations, purifications, and other magnetic processes, forexample, to purify nucleic acids, couple enyzmatic reactions such aslibrary preparation reactions, and other processes including producingsingle-cells or nuclei in isolation, such as nanodrops, nanoboluses, orphysical separation, (vii) output vessels such as 8 well strip tubes,microtiter plates, Eppendorf tubes, a chamber in the cartridge, or othervessels capable of receiving cell suspensions.

The basic elements of the Singulation System 100 can be configured inmultiple ways depending on the specimen(s) 101 and analytes to beanalyzed. In the following examples, a few of the numerousconfigurations are described in detail but in no way is the inventionlimited to these configurations as will be obvious to one skilled in theart. The Singulation System 100 can accommodate many different types ofspecimens 101, comprised of fresh tissue; snap-frozen tissue; microtomeslices (cryo, laser or vibrating) of tissue; fixed tissue; bulk materialobtained by surgical excision, biopsies, fine needle aspirates; samplesfrom surfaces, and other matrices.

There is a need to fill gap in the single-cell and nuclei NGS samplepreparation pipeline by starting the workflow at processing raw solidtissues or liquids into single-cell 1000 and nuclei 1050 suspensions.The instant disclosure teaches how to produce a system that processestissue specimens 120 and other samples into single-cells 1000 or nuclei1050, and other samples types then extend the processing all the way tolibraries, such as single cell libraries 1200, with little or nointervention by the operator once the process is started. This requiresadapting to the widely varying starting types of tissue, with differentrequirements depending on the tissue, species, age, and state.

In the instant invention, many embodiments are possible. Systems withincreasing capabilites can be developed as a series of embodiments, fiveare described: two embodiment as a Single Sample Singulator System 2000,a Four Sample Singulator System 2400, an Enhanced Singulator System2500, and the Single Librarian 3000 embodiments.

Two embodiments of a Single Sample Singulator System 2000 embodiment aredescribed to process tissue into single-cell suspensions and purifiedsingle-cell subtypes or nuclei for many tissues. A Four SampleSingulator System 2400 is described to process four specimens 101 intosingle-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspensions. An Enhanced SingulatorSystem 2500 is described with additional capabilities to titer, adjustthe buffer, and purify or deplete cell types, nuclei, organelles, orbiomolecules. A Single Librarian 3000 embodiment is described thatintegration with single-cell library preparation, and bulk nucleic acidand library preparation and adds QC capabilities. It will be obvious toone skilled in the art that the systems can continue to be expanded withadditional capabilities or be configured in many other embodiments.

This disclosure describes how to automate, integrate, and importantlystandardize the complete process for single-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050suspensions in a single Singulator System 100 system embodiment. TheSingulator System 100 will greatly enable basic researchers, students,and translational researchers as well as clinicians and others with itsease of use and high performance. Designed for genomics and easilyadaptable to other applications, the Singulator System 100 performs themost upstream sample preparation steps—from tissue specimens 120 orother sample types—and standardize the complete sample preparationprocess for single-cell 1000 and nuclei 1050 suspensions.

Single-Use Cartridge Designs.

Cartridges 200 can be used to process tissue into single-cell 1000suspensions or nuclei 1050 and are preferrably single-use. The majorworkflow steps to produce single-cell suspensions 1000 are mechanicaldisruption of tissue, enzymatic dissociation, and straining to removeclumps, and optional cell type isolation by magnetic bead capture.

Ideally, the cartridge 200 will input specimen 101 and output viablesingulated cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 in suspension and can be designedto incorporate magnetic and other downstream processing to also allowproduction of biomolecules 1070 such as nucleic acids 1072. It isdesirable that disposable cartridge 200 process multiple types ofsamples with mechanical disruption and enzymatic or chemicaldissociation according to the tissue type and condition. The cartridge200 can be designed to process tissue as quickly and as gently aspossible, not expose the operator to the tissue being processed, and bemanufacturable at low cost. Multiple mechanical methods may be needed toaccommodate the wide range of tissues and their individual requirements:designs are shown that can be readily adapted to multiple differentmechanical disruption methods comprising variable orifice 490, grindingwith rotating plungers 336, pestles 361, and straining and filteringusing a plunger 362 as well as other mechanical methods withoutlimitation.

Cartridges 200 can be designed for 3D printing, injection molding inplastics with single or double pulls and low labor assembly, or layeredassembly of fluidic and other layers, combinations of methods, and othermethods well known to one skilled in the art. Fluids can be delivered tocartridge 200 by a syringe pump 2130 or can be preloaded onto cartridge200 or many combinations. In some embodiments, flexible tubing 493 canconnect chambers and creates simple pinch valves 491 to direct flow. Inother embodiments, channels are created in the cartridge 200 and valvescan be incorporated such as pneumatic valves, or other valves.

Example: Cartridge with Collapsible Features

In a preferred embodiment, referring to FIG. 6, cartridge 200 performsboth a physical and enzymatic dissociation of the tissue. In thisexample, as shown in FIG. 6A the cartridge has a cap 210 which can beopened and closed, and a holder 235 for the operator to handle. Thisembodiment has collapsible features 215 which allow top piece 241 andbottom piece 242 to move relative to the holder 235. Other embodimentsmight use a plunger or have fixed walls. The holder 235 can have a meshscreen 225 and grinding features 220 which can be located on the cap 210and the holder 235. The grinding features 220 can be solid or allowfluids to pass through. A barcode 240 on holder 235 encodes trackinginformation of the cartridge 200 and usage. Fluidic connections 230engage with the instrument to allow the Fluidic Subsystem 600 to add orremove liquids from the cartridge 200. The Singulation System 100 canhave pushbutton operation for either specialists or non-specialists togenerate single-cell suspensions 1000 or other nuclei 1050 or otheroutputs from specimens 101 for medical, health, life science research,and other applications.

Referring to FIG. 6B, cartridge 200 has a cap 210 which can be opened ina top piece 241 to allow the specimen 101 to be added into cartridge 200while securing cartridge 200 by gripping holder 235. Referring to FIG.6C, once the specimen 100 is placed in the cartridge, the cap 210 can beclosed or placed on the cartridge to isolate the specimen 101 incartridge 200 for processing.

In some embodiments the fluidics of the Singulation System 100 areincorporated onto cartridge(s) 200. In some embodiments of theSingulation System 100, the valves for the subsystems are microvalves,which in some embodiments are created in microchips with microchannels.Microvalves are well know to those skilled in the art. Microvalves canbe actuated by, for example, mechanical force, pneumatic pressure,electrostatic force, piezoelectric force, thermal expansion force, etc.They may be have internal or external actuators. Pneumatic valvesinclude, for example, diaphragm valves that employ a flexible membraneof the pneumatic pressure or vacuum to close or open a fluid channel.Electrostatic valves may include, for example, a polysilicon membrane ora polyimide cantilever that is operable to cover a hole formed in asubstrate. Piezoelectric valves may include external (or internal)piezoelectric disks that expand against a valve actuator. Thermalexpansion valves may include a sealed pressure chamber bounded by adiaphragm. Heating the chamber causes the diaphragm to expand against avalve seat.

In some embodiments, cartridges 200 are used with functionality from agroup of reagents, valves or microvalves, microchannels, syringe pumps,optical devices, integrated electronics for control of cartridge 200functions, and lot tracking. In some embodiments microchips are used asparts of instrument or cartridges 200. The cartridges 200 in someembodiments hold kits to perform the chemistries including all neededreagents, stains, library preparation chemistry, and other consumables.In other embodiments, the reagents or parts of the reagents are on boardthe instrument or added manually by the user. In some embodiments thereagents are stabilized for long term room temperature storage by freezedrying or the addition of osmoprotectants.

Referring to FIG. 6D, in a preferred embodiment, after specimen 101 hasbeen added and the cap closed, cartridge 200 is placed into theSingulation System 100 which engages cartridge 200. The PhysicalDissociation Subsystem 300 engages a top actuator 310 and a bottomactuator 320 with the top piece 241 and bottom piece 242 respectively.The actuators can move up and down (Z direction) and in some embodimentseither rotate or move horizontally in the X and Y directions. A thermalpost 615 can engage the holder 235 to control the temperature of thecartridge or in other implementations the cartridge is held in a chamberwith temperature control or in other embodiments the temperature is notcontrolled. In some embodiments, a thermal cycling temperature devicemay be incorporated. In others embodiments, a Peltier may control thetemperature of one or more chambers including lowering the temperature.In some embodiments, a barcode reader 510 interrogates barcode 240 totrack cartridge 200 used for specimen 101.

The Fluidic Subsystem 600 engages with a modular microfluidic connector620 located on the holder. The modular microfluidic connector 620 aretrue zero dead volume connectors and can join two or more capillaries toone, or join microchannels to microchips or cartridges, and be used asmultiway microvalves. The modular microfluidic connectors 620 can have alinear array of microchannels, such as four, on both sides of theconnection. The relative position of one side of the connection can bemoved to line up different sets of microchannels or close off amicrochannel as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 7,244,961. In the embodimenttaught in this disclosure, the modular microfluidic connectors are usedto open and close fluidics to cartridge 200 to take aliquots formeasurement, change media, and output the single cells.

Referring to FIG. 6E, in one embodiment, the bottom actuator 320 ismoved up towards the holder 235 and an enzymatic or chemical dissolutionsolution 410 can be added into the cartridge 200 through modularmicrofluidic connection 230 from Fluidic Subsystem 600. The dissociationsolution can be commercially available, such as Liberase™ DH ResearchGrade Roche or equivalent products, or be custom formulations todissociate intercellular adhesion between cells and free the cells fromthe extracellular matrix. The dissociation solutions to dissociate thetissue and prevent clumping of single cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 can becomprised of collagenases (e.g., collagenases type I, II, III, IV, andothers), elastase, trypsin, papain, hyaluronidase, chymotrypsin, neutralprotease, clostripain, caseinase, neutral protease (Dispase®), DNAse,protease XIV or other enzymes. The amount and concentration of thedissociation solution, time of contact, temperature, and otherparameters can be optimized for particular tissue, organism, state oftissue, and age. As the dissociation solution is added, air can bereleased through vent 211 which can be an air-permeable,liquid-impermeable membrane.

FIGS. 6F, G, and H show aspects of the cartridge 200 as it processes thespecimen 101. FIG. 6F shows the bottom actuator 320 moving down at thesame rate the top actuator 310 is moved down, forcing the dissolutionsolution through mesh 225 and into the bottom compartment of thecartridge 200. Top actuator 310 can in some embodiments rotate (asillustrated) or move in the x and y axes (not shown) to grind thespecimen 101 between grinding features 220. FIG. 6G shows the actuatorsmoved up, and FIG. 6H shows the actuators moved down again with specimen101 being fragmented into smaller pieces or single cells 1000 and nuclei1050 released. The timing of the movement of the actuators can beadjusted to the tissue type. The movement can titurate the specimen 101through mesh 225.

At appropriate intervals, aliquots can optionally be withdrawn throughmodular microfluidic connector 610 or other fluidic connectors or bypipetting, and the number of cells or the viability determined byMeasurement Subsystem 500. In some embodiments, a solution, such as adye such as trypan blue, can be added to the aliquot to visualize liveversus dead cells using a brightfield readout. The solutions can beimaging reagents, such as fluorescently directly conjugated antibodiesor secondary antibodies, stains, fluorescent probes and dyes; imagingnanomaterials (including quantum dots and other nanoparticles), or othercontrast or straining reagents. Many other compounds can be added iffluorescence or other imaging systems are used. In addition, in someembodiments, Measurement Subsystem 500 does not image the aliquot butmeasures light scattering or fluorescence of the aliquot to determinethe number of cells, or the viability; in some instances, after aninitial readout of the fluorescence assay of ATP or other intracellularcomponents, all the cells in the aliquot can be lyzed to determine thetotal amount of ATP or other intracellular component to create a ratioof the percentage of viability. The Measurement Subsystem 500 canperform multiple readings as required and in some embodiments the amountof grinding, tituration, or enzymatic composition or concentrations canbe adjusted based upon the measurements.

Referring to FIG. 6I, after the appropriate amount of processing, whichcan be determined optionally by Measurement Subsystem 500, bothactuators are moved towards holder 235 to push the liquids throughmodular microfluidic connector and onto a filter 620 such as a 5 □m, or10 □m, or 20 □m or other filter that retains the singulated cells. Insome embodiments, tangential flow filtration is used.

Referring to FIG. 6J, Fluidic Subsystem 600 can then deliver media 418into the cartridge 200 through filter 620 to change the liquid from thedissolution solution 410 to the appropriate media 418 such as Hank'sbalance salt solution (HBSS) with 2% fetal calf serum or any otherbuffer, media, or solution. The amount of media 418 can be adjustedbased upon the readout by Measurement Subsystem 500 to produce a desiredtiter such as 1, 10, 100, 1,000 or other numbers of cells/□L.

Referring to FIG. 6K, the resuspended single cells can then be outputthrough modular microfluidic connector 230 to strip tubes, Eppendorfs,microtiter plates, or other vessels, or into the next module for amultistage process, such as preparing sequencing libraries.

In some embodiment, labeling solutions such as antibodies or particles,such as paramagnetic beads, can be added to cartridge 200. In otherembodiments, the Fluidic Subsystem 600 is cleaned of debri, singlecells, or tissue fragments by separate cleaning modules that operate indirect contact or non-contact mode utilizing various cleaning mechanismsincluding, but not limited to, mechanical brushes or chemical agentscomprised of ethanol, alcohols, detergents, non-ionic detergents,surfactants, water, buffers, acidic solutions, basic solutions, andother chemicals.

In other embodiments, solutions that dissolve the cellular membrane,such as 0.1% Triton X-100 or 0.005% Nonident P40 are added either aloneor in combination with physical, chemical, acoustic, enzymatic, thermal,or other methods to produce cellular organelles such as nuclei,mitochondria, ribosomes, long non-coding RNA, or other nucleic acids.

Example: Orifice Cartridge

In another example, FIG. 7A shows a cartridge 200 designed to pass thespecimen 101 through orifice 250 to physically disrupt tissue as well asrelevant parts of the instrument. In a preferred embodiment, thecartridge 200 has four chambers with an orifice 250 located betweenchamber 1 251 and chamber 2 252 for tissue dissociation, a filter 625,such as a 70 □m, or 50 □m, or 30 □m or other filter, between chamber 2252 and chamber 3 253 for separation of dissociated cells from rest ofthe tissue, and filter 630, such as a 5 □m, or 10 □m, or 20 □m or otherfilter, between chamber 3 253 and chamber 4 254 for removal of enzymesolution as well as debris.

In one embodiment, five actuators, 325, 326, 327, 328, and 329 in theinstrument engage with plungers 331, 332, 333, 334, and 335 respectivelyon the cartridge in a manner to allow them to pull or push the plungersup or down. Piezoelectric pump 626 can access dissolution solution 410from a reservoir and piezoelectric pump 627 can access media 418 from areservoir. Strip heater 620 can control the temperature in thecartridge. Waste reservoir 430 collects waste from cartridge 200 asneeded. The eye represents an optics imaging system 520 includingilluminator and detector.

In some embodiments, the number of actuators can be one or more. In someembodiments, the actuators are syringe plungers, in others, on cartridgepumps, or off cartridge pressure or vacuum sources. In anotherembodiment one actuator such as a syringe plunger can move specimen 101from chamber 1 251 through orifice 250 into chamber 2 252 which can havea plunger or be open to atmospheric or other pressure and serve as areservoir for specimen 101 as it is processed through orifice 250. Insome embodiment a strainer or filter to disrupt tissue or filtersingle-cells for clumps can be incorporated.

FIGS. 7B-G illustrates one embodiment of the workflow. In the firststep, FIG. 7B, tissue specimen 120 is placed into chamber 1 251, eitherby removing plunger 1 331 or through a cap (not shown). FIG. 7C showsthe lid/plunger 331 placed onto chamber 1 251 and the cartridge 200inserted into the instrument. Dissolution solution 410 is added tochamber 1 251 using piezoelectric pump 626 and the solution isoptionally heated using strip heater 620 to a constant temperature suchas 37° C.; Peltiers or other temperature control elements can also beutilized. The specimen 101 can be held at the desired temperature toincubate the specimen 101 for the time required.

As shown in FIG. 7C, actuator 1 325 can push down on plunger 1 331 andactuator 2 326 can pull up on plunger 2 332 to force specimen 101through orifice 250 which disrupts the tissue and into chamber 2 252.This can be reversed, with actuator 1 325 pulling up and actuator 2 326pushing down to move the tissue back through orifice 250 into chamber 1251 causing dissociation. The cycle can be repeated as often as desired.

Referring to FIG. 7D, both actuator 1 325 and actuator 2 326 can bepushed down to force dissociated tissue through filter 625 whichseparates clumps and non-dissociated tissue from singulated cells 1000and move the solution into chamber 3 253. Strip heater 620 can be turnedoff. To further move the

Referring to FIG. 7E, actuator 3 327 pushes down on plunger 3 333 andactuator 4 328 pulls up plunger 4 334 to force dissociating solution aswell as debris smaller than the pore size of filter 630 into chamber 4254 while singulated cells 1000 remain on the chamber 3 253 side offilter 630.

Actuator 4 328 can then push down on plunger 4 334 while actuator 5 329can pull up on plunger 5 335 to move the debris and enzyme solution tochamber 5 255. Actuator 5 329 can then push down on plunger 5 335 tomove the debris and enzyme solution to waste 430.

Optics 520 can interrogate the solution to determine the titer of singlecells 1000 or nuclei 1050 and when desired the viability. Referring toFIG. 7F, actuator 3 327 pulls plunger 3 333 up creating a temporaryvacuum while piezoelectric pump 612 pumps media 418 into chamber 3 253.Media 418 can be a buffer, such as PBS, HBSS, etc, a solution to processthe cell suspension such as red blood cell lysis solution orparamagnetic beads with antibodies, a growth media, an indicatorsolution or a combination.

To then change the media or wash the cells, actuator 3 327 pushesplunger 3 333 down while actuator 4 328 pulls up plunger 4 334 to movethe added solution through filter 630 into chamber 3 253 whilesingulated cells 1000 remain on the Chamber 3 253 side of the filter630. The solutions can be moved back and forth between chambers 3 253and chamber 4 254 as needed using actuators 3 327 and 4 328.

These steps illustrated in FIGS. 7D, 7E, and 7F can be repeated toperform additional cycles of either media change, enzymology, orprocessing, with the cells washed and the filtrate moved into waste 430.

Referring to FIG. 7G, once the cells have been processed as desired,such as resuspension in the media of choice at the desired titer,cartridge 200 can be removed from the instrument and plunger 3 333removed and allowing the single cell suspension 1000 to be pipetted outwith a device such as a syringe 370. In other embodiments, the plunger 3333 can be pierced by a needle to remove the single cells 1000 toprevent aerosol formation or a cap 210 can provide access to theprocessed tissue specimen 120.

Example: Automated Mechanical Device

There are many ways to mechanically disrupt tissue. In one embodiment ofa Singulator System 100, a mechanical device, the AutoSingulator™ 2100,automated and standardized multipled mechanical disruption methods. Inone embodiment the device in FIG. 8 has a z-axis stepper 2110, a rotarymotor 2120, and a syringe pump 2130 with a six-way valve 2140, allcontrolled by control software 725. FIG. 8 shows the AutoSingulator 2100testing a-three-chamber cartridge 200 designed for a variable orificemechanical disruption and mechanical processing with a cap 210 that hasa mechanical device inside the cap 210.

Variable Orifice and Cartridge Example.

A standard disruption method is trituration, passaging tissue throughorifices which can be of successively smaller diameters of fixedorifices, e.g., needles, Pasteur pipettes, etc. which works well forsome tissues. However, the fundamental problems in developing acartridge using orifices are incorporating the orifices in series,preventing clogging, and adapting the orifice sizes to the requirementsof different tissue types. These problems are all solved by a variableorifice 490 that can be adjusted to create successively smaller orificeson demand or lumens of different sizes.

As shown in FIG. 9, an automated variable orifice device 2150 has beendesigned, built, and tested integrated with the AutoSingulator 2100. Arotary motor 2155 with an optical sensor 2156 and a cam 2157 cancompress a section of tubing 2158, e.g., 3 mm ID Tygon tubing, to changethe internal cross-section of the tubing to create a variable orifice490 (obscured by the mechanism). As shown in FIG. 10A, the automatedvariable orifice device 2150 has been tested with mouse lung with 0.1%Collagenase I and 0.05% DNAse and has produced viabilities up to 70% andtiters of greater than 4×10⁶ cells from tissue specimens 120 ofapproximately 100 mg.

Rotating Physical Dissociators

Rotation of one or more surfaces is a method to physically dissociatetissue and methods are herein disclosed. The rotating part can bedirectly driven by a mechanical coupling or use a magnetic coupling toachieve the rotation. The speed of rotation can be programmed by ControlSubsystem 700 for example to 1,10, or 100 rotations per minute or otherspeeds and the direction reversed as desired. In some embodiments, therotation can create fluid flow which can be exploited to move specimen101 into grinding or crushing features. The rotating physicaldissociators can be combined with features described for the cartridgewith collapsable features or the orifice cartridge as will be obvious toone skilled in the art.

Referring to FIG. 11, in a preferred embodiment, tissue specimen 120 isinserted into cartridge 200 with a chamber 340 where the physicaldisruption is performed. After the tissue specimen 120 is placed intochamber 340, enzymatic or chemical dissolution solution 410 can be addedand rotating plunger 336 is inserted, which can be incorporated into cap210, and cartridge 200 placed into the Singulator System instrument 100where an actuator (not shown), that can rotate and move in the zdirection, engages with the rotating plunger 336. In another embodiment,enzymatic or chemical dissolution solution 410 is added through channel343. The rotating plunger 336 has grinding features 220 that can bemolded or otherwise fabricated as a single piece or can be attachedthrough adhesive 337. The actuator can rotate rotating plunger 336 togrind tissue specimen 120 on filter 341 which can be comprised of afilter or mesh such as a stainless mesh with 70 □m, 150 □m, 220 □m, orother mesh sizes and is held in place by filter support 342. Theactuator can also push down or pull up on rotating plunger 336 to forcetissue specimen 120 through filter 341 or a combination of rotation, anddepressing and withdrawing rotating plunger 336 can be used to optimizeperformance for different tissue specimens 120. An actuator assembly canincorporate force gauges to provide feedback for the pressure theplunger or actuator is exerting on tissue specimens 120. In manyinstances, gentle pressure followed by withdrawal of the force will beappropriate with an incubation period to allow optional enzymaticactivity to dissociate the loosened cells and aggregates. As singulatedsingle-cell suspensions 1000 are produced, channel 343 can be used tomove single cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 into other sections of thecartridge with functionality to wash the cells, titer, and determineviability.

FIG. 12 shows another preferred embodiment of rotating disruptor 344with a grinder rotor 420 (FIG. 12A) and grinder stator 421 (FIG. 12B).Referring to FIG. 12C, grinder stator 421 is incorporated (or placed)into the bottom of chamber 340. Tissue specimen 120 and enzymatic ofchemical dissolution solution 410 are added followed by grinder rotor420 which can be part of cap 200. An optional stabilizer rod 252 canhelp maintain rotary alignment between grinder stator 421 and grinderrotor 420. In the presence of an external rotating magnetic field,magnetic impellers 348 on grinder rotor 420 can propel the grinder rotor420 to spin and staggered grinding teeth 355 on grinder rotor 420 andgrinder stator 421 disrupt tissue specimen 120. The force on the tissuespecimen 120 can be adjusted by moving either the relative position ofchamber 340 or magnetic stirrer 349.

As shown in FIG. 10C, a rotating disruptor 344 or grinding device hasbeen attached to the AutoSingulator 2100 and used with Pre-ProcessingChambers 440 after incubation for 30 min off device in 0.1% CollagenaseI and 0.05% DNAse at 37° C. to disrupt fresh mouse lung to producesingle-cells with 90% viabilities and a titer of 1.20×10⁷, sufficientfor deep single-cell NGS.

FIG. 10B shows pestle 361 attached to the AutoSingulator 2100 withdissociation in an Eppendorf tube. The picture on the right side of FIG.10C shows the dissociation of mouse liver using pestle 361 method toyield 33% viable single-cells in suspension at a titer of 3.8×10⁶. Thepestle method may be best suited for very hard tissues or producingnuclei or organelles.

FIG. 10D shows plunger 362 attached to the AutoSingulator 2100 withdissociation of mouse lung through a 75 □m filter 341 in a simplecartridge 200; the right panel shows dissociation of mouse spleen intosingle-cell suspensions with 70% viability with a 5.67×10⁷ titer usingthis setup.

Referring to FIG. 13, an example of a rotating disruptor 344 is shown.Rotating disruptor 341 is placed in chamber 340 and tissue specimen 120is added. Enzymatic or chemical dissociation solution 410 can be addedbefore or after tissue specimen 120. The cartridge containing chamber340 is engaged with the instrument which has a magnetic stirrer 349.Magnetic stirrer 349 is used to rotate the rotating disrupter 344 usingmagnet impeller 348 attached to rotating disrupter 344. As the rotatingdisrupter 344 spins, spiral features 347 pull tissue specimen 120 intothe outside of rotating disrupter 344 where grinding features 346 candisrupt specimen 101 into smaller pieces. In some embodiments, grindingfeatures 346 can have coarse and fine grinding features. In someembodiments, grinding features 346 can function as spiral features 347to aid circulation of dissociation solution 410 and tissue specimen 120.As rotating disruptor 344 spins, enzymatic or chemical dissociationsolution 410 is pulled down and into central circulation region 345where the solution and any pieces of tissue specimen 120 flow up to thetop of central circulation region 345. The rotation can be adjusted forspeed and started and stopped as appropriate. Spiral features 347 can bedesigned to force the liquid either up and down depending on designintent.

FIG. 14 shows a rotating disruptor 344 driven by a magnetic stirrer 349which is elevated with respect to the bottom of chamber 340. In thisexample, tissue specimen 120 and enzymatic or chemical dissociationsolution 410 are added to chamber 340 and rotating disruptor 341 isplaced into the chamber. Magnetic impeller 348 will align to the heightof magnetic stirrer 349. If chamber 340 is moved up or down, magneticimpeller 348 magnets will pull the rotating disruptor 344 up or down toexert adjustable pressure by fine teeth 350 and rough teeth 351 ontissue specimen 120. Liquid flow induced by rotary motion of rotatingdisruptor 344 forces smaller tissue fragments into and through the fineteeth 350.

FIG. 15A-D show two examples of rotating disruptors 344 with differentpitches of spiral features 347 with large grinding features 346 on thebottom of the rotating disruptors 344. In this example the gaps inspiral features 347 also can disrupt the specimen 101.

FIGS. 16A and B show an embodiment where the rotating disruptor 344 isplaced above specimen 101 and the liquid motion is induced by spiralfeatures 347 on the outside of the rotating disruptor 344 withrecirculation through central circulation region 345. In addition todisruption as specimen 101 interacts with spiral features 347, thebottom can be a grinding surface 357. Magnet holes 356 are shown thathold magnets to create the magnetic impeller 348. This example did notproduce good yields or viabilities with mouse liver tissue. FIGS. 16C,D, and E show an embodiment where the rotating disruptor 344 is placedabove specimen 101 and the liquid motion is induced by spiral features347 on the outside of rotating disruptor 344 and by internal spiral 357on the inside of rotating disruptor 344 with recirculation throughcentral circulation region 345. In addition to disruption as specimen101 interacts with spiral features 347 and internal spiral 357, thebottom can be a grinding surface 357. This embodiment can be 3D printedto create the internal spiral 357. This design worked better than theone shown in FIG. 16A with better circulation of the specimen 101through the internal spiral 357 but also did not produce high yields andtiters for mouse tissues.

FIG. 17 is an example of a multiple piece assembly to form rotatingdisruptor 344. FIG. 17B shows external piece 360. Mesh 358, such as astainless mesh with 70 □m, 150 □m, 220 □m, or other mesh sizes, orfilters, is inserted into the top of external piece 360 to form theassembly shown in FIG. 17A. FIG. 17C shows internal piece 359 which isthen inserted and press fit into the assembly to form the completedrotating disruptor 344 shown in FIG. 17D. Internal piece 359 formsinternal spiral 357. Specimen 101 is added on top of rotating disruptor344 and the rotation of the mesh 358 and fine teeth 350 disrupt specimen101 with internal spiral 357 creating circulation to pull the specimen101 down onto the mesh 358. The speed of rotation can adjust the forceof the pull onto mesh 358. Larger sizes of mesh 358 can produce largerpieces of the specimen 101. The fine teeth 350 can be supplemented withlarger teeth as desired for different tissues.

Cartridge Examples

Cartridges 200 have been designed to accommodate multiple mechanicaldisruption methods—variable orifice, pestle, grinding, andstraining—with mechanical transduction in many designs through thecartridge cap 210. The cartridges can be designed for tissue samples ofdifferent sizes, such as ˜3 mm³ or larger and process the tissue in 0.3to 1.0 mL of liquid, or for tissues <3 mm³ and process the tissue involumes such as <0.1 mL, or in 0.1 to 0.3 mL, or in greater than 0.3 to1.0 mL or larger of liquid.

Referring to FIG. 18, one embodiment of cartridge 200 has two basicfunctionalities: one or more Preprocessing Chambers 440, to producesingle-cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 and Processing Chamber 460 to performthe optional additional processing such as magnetic pulldown, red bloodcell lysis, or library preparation including on or off-cartridge but oninstrument nanodroplet/nanobolus single-cell cDNA processing.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 18 implements a variable orifice 490 with athree-chamber cartridge: two Preprocessing Chambers 440 pass specimen101 back and forth through variable orifice 490 in tubing using asyringe plunger designed into cap 210 to create pressure or vacuum tomove specimen 101, and a Processing Chamber 460 that receives thesingle-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspension which is strained through a50 □m or other filter 341 as it enters Processing Chamber 460. Pinchvalve 471 is employed to open or close the path to Processing Chamber460. In a preferred embodiment, cap 210 can couple the mechanical motionfrom a Singulator System 100 such as the AutoSingulator 2100 to disruptspecimen 101 such as moving a plunger or spinning a rotating plunger336. In a preferred implementation, shown in FIG. 18, the specimen 101can be moved by a plunger that is coupled through the cap 210 andactuated by the Z-axis stepper 2130 on the instrument or rotated by therotary motor 2120 as needed. In other implementations, syringe pump 2130can deliver fluids to cartridge 200 to move the preprocessed single-cellsuspension 1000 or nuclei suspensions 1200, nucleic acids 1072,biomolecules 1070, subcellular components 1060, or other products frompre-processing.

FIG. 19 shows a design with a cap 210 that couples a mechanical grinderrotor 420 in the cap 210 using cap coupler 211 to connect to rotarymotor coupler 2125 on the instrument. The rotation motion of rotarymotor 2120 is transmitted through rotary motor coupler 2125 to capcoupler 211 to rotate mechanical grinder rotor 420 in either directionwhile the vertical position of grinder rotor 420 is controlled by z axisstepper 2110. In some embodiments the grinder rotor 420 only travelsdownward to the bottom of the chamber while in others as described belowit can be retracted by mechanisms such as magnetics, springs, ormechanical coupling.

FIG. 20 shows seven patterns of matching rotary grinders 420 and grinderstators 421 that have been designed and built. In add designs, the teethon the rotary grinders 420 and grinder stators 421 are complementary andarranged in circular rows. FIG. 20A has a set with three rows of equallysized teeth with sharp edges. FIG. 20B has a set with five rows ofsuccessively smaller width of teeth as the center is approached on therotary grinder 420 and the grinder stator 421. FIG. 20C has a set withthree rows of equal sized sharp on the rotary grinder 420 and thegrinder stator 421. FIG. 20D has a set with four rows of equal sizedpointed ‘shark's teeth’ on the rotary grinder 420 and the grinder stator421. FIG. 20E has a set with two rows of equal sized blunt 1.5 mm teethon the rotary grinder 420 and the grinder stator 421. FIG. 20F has a setwith two rows of equal sized blunt 1.0 mm teeth on the rotary grinder420 and the grinder stator 421. FIG. 20G has a set with two rows ofequal sized blunt 0.5 mm teeth on the rotary grinder 420 and the grinderstator 421. The design in FIG. 20G was used extensively and generatedthe highest titer and viability for the most types of tissues. In someembodiments, the spacing between the outside of the rotary grinder 420and the grinder stator 421 is set to be 15 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50□m or other spacing such that in some embodiments only single cells ornuclei can pass between the rotary grinder 420 and the grinder stator421.

FIG. 21 shows a cartridge 200 embodiment with a Pre-Processing chamber440 with the grinder stator 421 and a mechanical grinder rotor 420 (withthe FIG. 20G design) connected through rotary motor coupler 2125 torotary motor 2120 of the AutoSingulator 2100. Rotary motor 2120 cancontrol the rotation of the grinder rotor 420 against fixed stator 421in the bottom of the Pre-Processing chamber 440 and the Z axis stepper2110 controls the vertical position of grinder rotor 420. TheAutoSingulator 2100 delivers fluids, e.g., enzymatic or chemicaldissolution solution 410, from syringe pump 2130 and six-way valve 2140through Sweeney filter holder 347 holding a filter 341 to a reagentaddition port 470 in Pre-Processing Chambers 440 through and can pullthe pre-processed specimen 101 through Sweeney filter holder 347 holdinga filter 341 such as a 70 □m filter. The setup in FIG. 21 has beentested for the singulation of cells and for the production of nuclei.

Examples of Tissue-Specific Workflows for Cell Singulation and NucleiProduction Using the AutoSingulator.

FIG. 22 shows the results of producing single cells 1000 in suspensionfrom five different mouse tissues using AutoSingulator 2100 setup asshown in FIG. 21. A fresh tissue specimen 120 was placed inPre-Processing Chamber 440 and positioned below the grinder rotor 420attached to the AutoSingulator 2100. Control software 725 then loweredthe grinder rotor 420 into the Pre-Processing Chamber 440. Dissolutionenzymes added by syringe pump 2130 from 15 mL Falcon tubes to reagentaddition port 470 on cartridge 200.

Preferred embodiments for formulation of enzymes for each mouse tissuewere used in HBBS without Ca or Mg. For lung 0.1% Collagenase II with 5u/mL Dispase and 0.03% DNase was used; for kidney 0.05% Collegenase Iwith 0.075% Papain and 0.03% DNase was used; for spleen, 0.05%Collagenase I with 0.03% DNase was used; for liver, 0.1% Collagenase IVwith 0.05% Hyaluronidase and 0.03% DNase was used; for brain, 0.2%Papain with 0.03% DNase was used; and for gut, 0.1% Collagenase I with0.025% Hyaluronidase and 0.03% DNase was used.

The operator then lowered grinder rotor 420 until it contacted thetissue. The rest of the operation was automated. The tissue specimen 120was incubated for 30 min with the the grinder rotor 420 moved up anddown every 5 min to mix. After a 30 min incubation at room temperature,the grinder rotor 420 was rotated seven times forward and seven timesbackward at 75 rpm against the tissue specimen 120 with fixed stator 421in the bottom of the Pre-Processing Chamber 440. The grinder rotor 420was moved by the Z stepper 2110 about 200 □m down and the processrepeated six to seven times until the grinder rotor 420 reached thebottom of the Pre-Processing Chamber 440 which had grinder stator 421.When the grinder rotor 420 reached the bottom of Pre-Processing Chamber440, the dissociated sample was displaced through reagent addition port470 through a 100 □m filter 341 held in a Sweeney filter holder 347followed by a rinse with 3 mL of HBSS delivered backflushing through the100 um filter 341 held in a Sweeney filter holder 347 into reagentaddition port 470 and withdrawn back thorugh 100 um filter 341 held in aSweeney filter holder 347 and the output collected. The samples werecentrifuged at 300 g for 5 min, the supernatant discarded, and the cellsresuspended in RBC lysis buffer (G-Biosciences) for 3 min and thencentrifuged at 300 g for 5 min and the pellet resuspended in 1 mL ofHBSS. The viability and titer were determined on a Countess FL usingTrypan blue. As shown in FIG. 22A, the single cells had viabilitiesranging 72 to 92%, and as shown in FIG. 22B with yields of 2×10⁶ to8.3×10⁶ cells for tissue specimens 120 from left to right of 125 mg ofkidney, 65 mg of lung, 110 mg of lung, 70 mg of spleen, 170 mg ofspleen, 180 mg of liver, and 160 mg of gut. The label of integrated onthe X axis indicates that the complete process after lowering thegrinder rotor 420 was performed by control software 725.

FIG. 23 shows the production of nuclei 1050 from six mouse tissues, gut,kidney, lung, liver, brain, and spleen, using the AutoSingulator 2100setup as shown in FIG. 21. Tissue specimen 120 was added to thePre-Processing Chamber 440 and then the Pre-Processing Chamber 440 wasinserted under the grinder rotor 420 which was lowered by the software.The program then delivered Nuclei Homogenization Buffer (250 mM Sucrose,25 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM Tris-HCl, and 0.1% Triton-X) reagent from a15 mL Falcon tube using syringe pump 2130 through sweeney filter holder347 to reagent addition port 470 on cartridge 200. The AutoSingulator2100 then immediately rotated grinder rotor 420 seven times forward andseven times backward at 75 rpm. The grinder rotor 420 was moved by the Zstepper 2110 200 □m down and the process is repeated six to seven timesuntil the grinder rotor 420 reached the bottom of Pre-ProcessingChambers 440 which contained grinder stator 421. When the grinder rotor420 was at bottom of the chamber, the dissociated sample was displacedthrough reagent addition port 470 and through a 30 um filter 341 held ina Sweeney filter holder 347 followed by a rinse with 1 mL of NucleiHomogenization Buffer delivered backflushing through the 30 um filter341 held in a Sweeney filter holder 347 into reagent addition port 470and withdrawn back through 30 um filter 341 held in a Sweeney filterholder 347 and the output collected. The samples were then centrifugedat 500 g for 5 min at 4° C. and the supernatant discarded. The nuclei1050 pellet was resuspended in ice-cold Nuclei Storage Buffer (166.5 mMSucrose, 5 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM Tris-HCl) and the titer determined on aCountess FL with Trypan blue staining. As shown in FIG. 23, with tissuespecimens 120 from left to right of gut, kidney, kidney, lung, lung,liver, and brain, the most tissues had yields of 1.7×10⁵ to 4.4×10⁵nuclei per mg of tissue input while spleen yielded 1.6×10⁶ nuclei per mgof tissue input (note the spleen sample is a 1:10 dilution to enableplotting on the same chart). Similar results were obtained when 0.1%Nonident P40 was used in place of the Triton-X.

Example: Processing of Small Tissue Samples

Many tissue samples are only present in small amounts, such as corebiopsies or fine needle aspirates, where 5 to 25 mg of tissue may beobtained. The AutoSingulator 2100 was shown to be able to process thesesmall samples effectively using the setup as shown in FIG. 21 for theproduction of both single cells 1000 and nuclei 1050.

FIG. 24 shows the results of processing a range of masses of fourtissues to produce single cells 1000. The processing was as describedabove for FIG. 21 except the filtration was performed manually using a70 □m filter. Lung, kidney, and gut tissues from 100 mg to 20 mg hadviabilities of 70-94% for most samples (FIG. 24A) with yields over 10⁵viable cells per 5 mg of tissue (FIG. 24B). The viability was similaruntil the mass was ˜10 mg or less when the viability decreased. Whilethe 5 mg specimens gave enough cell titer for downstream processing, theviabilities were low, indicating damage. Liver had generally lowerviabilities and lower titers. The results demonstrate the cartridge 200and AutoSingulator 2100 as shown in FIG. 21 can process tissue samplesas small as 5 mg to produce single cells 1000 for single cell sequencingor cell biology or other applications.

FIG. 25 shows the results of processing a range of masses of fourtissues to produce single nuclei 1050. The processing was as describedabove for FIG. 23 except the filtration was performed manually using a30 □m filter. The titers obtained were generally from 1.5 to 4.5×10⁵nuclei per mg of input tissue, yielding over 1,000,000 nuclei from a 5mg tissue specimen 120 for most samples, ample for downstream singlenuclei sequencing.

The results shown in FIGS. 23 and 24 demonstrate the utility of theSingulator System 100 for processing tissue specimens 120 into singlecells 1000 and nuclei 1050 for small samples such as core biopsy samplesor fine needle aspirates. These results show the Singulator System 100can be applied to prepare clinical samples for single cell NGS andsingle nuclei NGS applications.

Quality Control Metrics.

Speed, yield, viability, and cellular damage are key first QC metricsfor high quality, reproducible workflows. As manual and automateddisruption methods are refined, after initial screening, additionalquality metrics of qPCR of IEG and other transcripts, RIN determinationusing capillary electrophoresis, and single-cell NGS can be used as moresophisticated metrics.

It is important to identify enzymatic methods to produce single cells1000 or nuclei 1050 with minimal alterations of gene expression as amajor improvement to the state-of-the-art. Combinations of lessdigestive enzymes into formulations with less cellular reactions can betested. Additives can help freeze the state of the cell, such astranscription, membrane, or other inhibitors, to prevent clumping, andto preserve RNA.

FIG. 26 shows examples of where two different processing methods toextract RNA have either induced the IEG gene fos or not induced it. Inthis experiment, mouse lung was pre-processed using rotating disruptor344, as shown in FIG. 21 after incubation for 30 min at 37° C. in lungdissociation kit solution (Miltenyi 130-095-927). After the productionof single cells 1000 in suspension, the cells were spun down at 300 gfor 5 min and resuspended in HBSS. Aliquots of 10 □L were either lysedto release RNA by addition of 100 □L of the Extracta DNA kit (QuantaBio)with incubation at 95° C. for 30 min followed by addition of 100 □L ofstabilization buffer or by addition of 200 uL CL buffer (10 mM Tris pH8, 0.025% Igepal CA-630 (Sigma 18896-50), 150 mM NaCl) (adapted from K.Shatzkes, B. Teferedegne, and H. Murata. A simple, inexpensive methodfor preparing cell lysates suitable for downstream reverse transcriptionquantitative PCR. Sci Rep. 2014; 4: 4659. PMCID: PMC3983595) withincubation for 5 min at room temperature. 1 □L of each sample was addedto 5 □L of qScript XLT One-Step RT-PCR Tough Mix, ROX reagent(QuantaBio) with 4.5 □L of molecular biology grade water, and 0.5 □L ofactB primer (Thermo Fisher, m01205647_g1) or 0.5 □L of fos primer(Thermo Fisher, Mm00487425_m1).

FIG. 26 shows actB was expressed in spleen for both treatments (E actBwas the Extracta processed sample with actB primers and CL actB was theCL buffer processed sample with actB primers). For the IEG fos gene, thelysis using the CL buffer induced fos while the Extracta kit processingdid not. Because the Extracta kit shows no induction of fos, theproduction of single cells in suspension 1000 by rotating disruptor 344did not induce fos, demonstrating the method is gentle with thisenzymatic processing.

Singulator System Embodiment

In one embodiment of the Sample Processing System 50 as a TissueProcessing System 80, as shown in FIG. 27, the Singulator System 100 canperform powerful integrated tissue-to-genomics functionality for genomicscientists to simply and standardize the production of single-cell 1000or nuclei 1050 suspensions, affinity purified single cells 1100,affinity purified nuclei 1105, nucleic acids 1072, and bulk libraries1210 from solid or liquid tissues. As will be obvious to one skilled inthe art, the single cells 1000 and nuclei 1050 can also be used for cellbiology, proteomics, metabolomics, and other analytical methods.

In this preferred embodiment a Cell Singulation module 800 and aMagnetic Processing module 900 are integrated into a Single-SampleSingulator System 2000 or into a Four-Sample Singulator System 2400.Mechanical and enzymatic dissociation is performed in single-usecartridges 200 in the Pre-Processing chamber 440 to produce single-cellsuspension 1000 or nuclei suspensions 1200, nucleic acids 1072,biomolecules 1070, subcellular components 1060, or other products frompre-processing. The samples can then be processed in the Processingchamber 460 by optional bead-based affinity purification of cell typesby surface antigens to produce affinity purified single-cell suspensions1100 or nuclear suspension by nuclear antigens 1105 or nucleic acids1072, biomolecules 1070, subcellular components 1060 can be furtherprocessed into purified mRNA, NGS libraries, or other sample types.

To accomplish this, in a preferred embodiment, a Single-SampleSingulator System 2000 was designed with reagents 411 on-board theinstrument and with cartridges 200 potentially with tissue-specificmechanical disruption modalities to accommodate the wide diversity ofprocessing needs. The system can input raw, unprocessed tissue samplesand output single-cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 in suspension, ready forprocessing into single cell NGS libraries off device or can process thesingle cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 into bulk libraries on the system.

Example: A Single-Sample Singulation System

The Singulator System 100 can mechanically disrupt tissue andenzymatically dissociate the disrupted tissue in a cartridge 200 intosingle-cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 in suspension. As shown in the top ofFIG. 27, in one embodiment, a Cell Singulation module 800 combines thePhysical Dissociation Subsystem 300 and the Enyzmatic and ChemicalDissociation Subsystem 400 to produce single-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050suspensions. The instrument provides the mechanical motion and fluidicsto the cartridge which in turn mechanically and enzymatically orchemically processes the tissue into single cells 1000 or nuclei 1050.Multiple reagents 431 can be stored on the instrument with cooling asneeded.

The Cell Singulation module 800 as shown in FIG. 28 combines themechanical disruption of specimen 101 on cartridge 200, adds enzymaticor chemical dissolution solution 410 and other fluids according to theprotocols, and controls sample movement, pressures, and temperature. TheCell Singulation module 800 can move or rotate a syringe plunger,pestle, or grinder, using a z axis stepper 2110 with a rotary motor 2120coupled through the cap 210.

Referring to FIG. 27, magnetic purification of cell types and nucleiusing affinity capture reagents attached to paramagnetic beads usingMagnetic Processing module 900 integrates the capabilities to produceaffinity purified cell types 1100 and affinity purified nuclei 1105 orother organelles comprised mitochondria, transcription complexes,nucleosomes, ribosomes, and other subcellular structures starting fromtissues or specimen 101.

A 3D CAD representation of one embodiment of a Single-Sample SingulatorSystem 2000 design packaged with a ‘skin’ is shown in FIG. 29. Thedesign is based upon the AutoSingulator 2100 and has two axis mechanicalmotion (Z axis stepper 2110 and rotary motor 2120) integrated withfluidics based on a syringe pump with 1.6 □L resolution with a six-wayvalve (C2400MP, TriContinent) controlled by control software 725. Asmall (˜16 in³) OEM computer 720 with Windows 10 and 85 Gbytes HD(Beelink, AP42) can run control software 725 to control the system withdisplay on a 10″ touchscreen 730 (eleduino, Raspberry Pi10). Chassis1010 provides the framework to mount components and the exterior of thesystem.

This embodiment of the Single-Sample Singulator System 2000 has onesyringe pump 2130 with a six-way valve 2140 to supply liquids, pressure,or vacuum to cartridge 200. The cartridge 200 shown is similar to FIG.18 with two Pre-Processing Chambers 440 and a single Processing Chamber460. Cartridge valves can be pinch valves 491, which the instrumentactuates, or other valves or have no valves on the cartridge 200 withall fluidic control from the instrument. A second six-way valve 2141 canaccess reagents (such as four digestive enzymes, magnetic beads, threebuffers, two cleaning solution if two six-way valves 2140 are used) insmall bottles through connecting tubing such as 1/16 ID tygon tubing orother tubing, capillaries, or fluidic lines. Actuators (not shown) canopen and pinch close tubing in the cartridge 200, and operate thevariable orifice 490 using variable orifice device 2150 when desired.Two strip resistive heaters or Peltiers and controllers (not shown) canset the cartridge temperature in the Pre-Processing Chamber 440 andProcessing Chamber 460. A force gauge can be incorporated into thez-stage stepper 2110 to provide force-feedback control of the mechanicalforce on the specimen 101; this can help develop very gentle mechanicalprocessing steps. The interface with the cartridge 200 can bestandardized by the development of a cartridge adapter that will bedesigned with each cartridge 200 to ensure simple insertion into thesystem. Reagents 411 are held in a ragent block 415 which can be cooledwith a Peltier to minimize degradation of reagents 411. This embodimentof the single-sample Singulator System 2000 has a Magnetic ProcessingModule 900.

Magnetic Processing Module.

Referring to FIG. 30, the Magnetic Processing module 900 can performmagnetic bead enrichment or depletion of cell types or organelles,capture nucleic acids to change buffers, and integrate downstreamenzymatic workflows in Processing Chamber 460 or other locations such asin channels or tubing. Beads and wash solutions can be delivered to theProcessing Chamber 460 from reagents 411 using six-way valve 2141 via asix-way valve 2140 in turn connected to syringe pump 2130. Whilenanoparticles stay in solution, larger beads will settle out. This canbe solved by resuspension of beads, e.g., 1-30 □m beads, using a rapidmechanical vibration of the bead container.

A single-sample Magnetic Processing module 900 can have a motor 930moving a magnet 910 such as a neodymium magnet on an arm 920 to captureparamagnetic beads inside Processing Chamber 460 when the arm is in thehorizontal position as shown or release the beads when it is in theraised vertical position (shown in a dashed outline). It will be obviousto one skilled in the art that many other configurations are possible,with in some embodiments magnet 910 moving in a linear fashion, or in acircle, or other geometries. Features can be incorporated into thecartridge 200 to improve magnetic processing performance such as havinga region with a smaller distal distance to increase the magnetic fieldlocally to improve bead capture. The field of the magnet 910 can also bedirected by blocking certain regions with non-magnetic materials andenhanced in other areas of the field. Sensing devices such as opticalsensors or magnetic sensors can be implemented for positional feedback.Motor 930 can be controlled using Control Subsystem 700. Magnetic fieldscan also be produced using electromagnetic coils.

The Magnetic Processing module 900 can capture and purify cell typesfrom eukaryotic, prokaryotics, or archea. Following creation of asingle-cell suspensions, antibodies against cell surface components orother targets coupled to nanoparticles or paramagnetic beads, usingstandard coupling chemistries or commercially available beads withantibodies to cell surface proteins, can be added from reagents 411 bysyringe pump 2130 and six-way valves 2140 and 2141 to Processing Chamber460 containing the single-cell suspensions. Mixing can be by bubblingair through the Processing Chamber 460 or application of a ‘stirring’magnetic field, or use of fluidics to agitate the single-cellsuspensions and beads, or moving the sample with beads back and forth intubing or channels, or between the two Pre-Processing Chambers 440 orother methods well known to one skilled in the art. The antibodies orother affinity agent will then bind target cells with the targetantigen. The Magnetic Processing module 900 can move arm 920 to thehorizontal position with magnet 910 positioned at the Processing Chamber460. The beads with captured cells, including from a media 418 such ascontaining enzymes or chemicals used to dissociated specimen 101, are inturn captured by magnet 910. The media 418 can be pumped out by syringepump 2130 and as desired captured beads can be washed to remove celldebris, enzymes, buffer, and uncaptured cells with reagents 411 or tochange buffers. The Magnetic Processing module 900 can then move arm 920to the vertical position with magnet 910 positioned away from theProcessing Chamber 460 to release the beads captured by the magneticfield of magnet 910. The beads are then attached to single-cellsuspensions that are now affinity purified for a desired subtype ordepleted for a cell-subtype 1100. Resuspending the beads in a differentbuffer or media 418 is an effective way to change buffer. It will beobvious to one skilled in the art that the beads can be used to depletecell types, debris, or other material from a cell suspension by holdingthe beads on the magnet and moving the now depleted fluid to a differentchamber or output it to a tube or other device.

The Magnetic Processing module 900 can capture and purify nuclei 1050 orother subcellular components 1060 including organelles from eukaryoticorganisms. Following creation of a suspension of nuclei 1050, antibodiesagainst nuclear surface components, such as biotinylated anti-nuclearprotein NeuN antibodies or other nuclear targets, can coupled tonanoparticles or paramagnetic beads, using standard coupling chemistriessuch as streptavidin nanoparticles or commercially available beads withantibodies to nuclear proteins, can be added by syringe pump 2130 toProcessing Chamber 460 containing the nuclei 1050 suspension. Mixing canbe by bubbling air through the Processing Chamber 460 or application ofa ‘stirring’ magnetic field, or use of fluidics to agitate thesingle-cell suspensions and beads, or moving the sample with beads backand forth in tubing or channels or other methods well known to oneskilled in the art. The antibodies or other affinity agent will bindnuclei 1050 or other target organelles with the target antigen(s). TheMagnetic Processing module 900 can move arm 920 to the horizontalposition with magnet 910 positioned at the Processing Chamber 460. Thebeads can then capture the nuclei 1050 bound to beads, including from amedia such as containing chemicals or enzymes used to dissociatedspecimen 101 into nuclei 1050. The captured nuclei, now bound to thebeads, can be washed to remove cell debris, enzymes, buffer, and otherunbound components or to change buffers. The Magnetic Processing module900 can then move arm 920 to the vertical position with magnet 910positioned away from the Processing Chamber 460, which will release anybeads captured in the magnetic field of magnet 910. The beads areattached to affinity purified nuclei suspensions 1105.

The Magnetic Processing module 900 can also be applied to process singlecells 1000 or nuclei 1050 or tissue specimens 120 into nucleic acids1072 and to further process the nucleic acids 1072 into bulk libraries.Tissue specimens can be lysed in Pre-Processing Chamber 440 by additionof chaotrophs, as described below, and the lysate can be strainedthrough strainer 450, and moved into Processing Chamber 460. The lyzedtissue is then processed by magnetic beads to purify nucleic acids 1072.In another embodiment, the single cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 inProcessing Chamber 460 are lysed by addition of chaotrophs processedwith magnetic beads to purify nucleic acids 1072. In some embodiments,the purified nucleic acids 1072 are further processed into bulklibraries 1210 as described in FIGS. 44, 45, and 46 or other librarianmethods well known to one skilled in the art.

Control Subsystem

The systems are controlled by a Control Subsystem 700 that uses controlsoftware 725 to control electronics 710 that actuates modules anddevices. Control software 725 runs on a computer 720 which can be astandalone computer 725 or a tablet 750. The control software 725 is arapid development software platform designed to accelerate developmentand commercialization. The software has support for IoT-based protocols,cloud-based protocols, Microsoft development tools and libraries, andmachine learning technologies. The control software 725 Host provides astandardized scripting interface to develop, maintain, and run scripts,with a range of utilities to allow scripts to interact with the user andto interoperate with other software.

Control software 725 scripts are coded in any .Net languages andcompiled to standardized DLL's; other languages are within the scope ofthe present invention. Once the scripting logic is developed, thescripting host layer is replaced with a dedicated executable thatreferences the same DLL and that executes the script, dramaticallyshortening the development cycle.

The control software 725 Library has precompiled DLL's that providecritical functionalities including scripting interface and baselibraries, support for ZMQ and other IoT libraries forintercommunication, real-time scheduling engine for autonomouslyoptimized non-deterministic scheduling of operations, databasing, imageanalysis, statistical analysis, data storage, and HDF5 numerical storagelibraries. Supported hardware components include: a) pumps and valvesusing Cavro communication protocols, b) Tecan RSP/MSP robots, c) motorcontrollers and I/O devices (quadrature encoders, optical sensors,etc.), d) RS232, RS485, USB HID, and other generic interface devices, e)CAN devices using the KVASER™ Communication Library, f) LabSmithpProcess devices, including micro-pumps, valves, and pressure sensors,and g) Arduino based devices. Control software 725 can support hardwaredevice added and integrate overall protocols through scripting. Othersoftware can be substituted for the control software 725.

Example of Another Preferred Embodiment of a Single-Sample SingulatorSystem.

FIG. 31 shows the main functional elements of another preferredembodiment of single-sample Singulator System 2000, the enclosure,fluidic, and electrical wiring are not shown on the figure for clarity.The fluidic circuits with a cartridge 200 are shown in FIG. 34 and theelectronics in FIG. 35.

Referring to FIG. 31, the main functional parts are the fluidicsubsystem 600 comprised of cartridge 200 inserted on cartridge slide1450, with temperature control by cartridge Peltier 1440, the instrumentfluidics comprised of syringe pump 2130 with six-way valve 2140, twosix-way valves 2141 and 2142, to access reagents 411 held in reagentblock 425 with temperature regulation by reagent peltier 1420, and toconnect to cartridge 200, and mechanical motion by rotary motor 2120 andz axis stepper 2110, with movement of magnet 910 by magnetic motor 930.

Example of Processing a Sample in a Cartridge Using a Single-SampleSingulator System.

FIG. 34 shows a design of a cartridge that incorporates a cap 210 thatcouples a mechanical grinder rotor 420. The cap is inserted into aPre-Processing Chamber 440 which has a grinder stator 421 at the bottomof the chamber. The process to utilize this embodiment of cartridge 200is as follows.

FIG. 32 shows the detail of the cartridge interface 1500 with cartridge200 on mechanical cartridge slide 1450 in cartridge detent 1455. Theoperator inserts tissue specimen 120 into cartridge 200 and then cap 210is placed on cartridge 200. In some embodiments the cap 210 is keyed toonly be placed in certain orientations and can lock onto cartridge 200permanently, preventing inadvertant spillage of tissue specimen 120 orrelease of material from cartridge 200 during or after processing.

In a preferred embodiment, cartridge 200 and the cartridge interface1500 have features for ‘click-in docking’ to the instrument andself-aligning connections to the instrument fluidic system. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 32, cartridge 200 on cartridge slide 1450 ispushed into the instrument. Side brackets 1460 and slide 1450 align thecartridge 200. When the slide 1450 is fully inserted, a mechanism suchas a retractable ball socket 1462 engages with hole and locks cartridge200 in the proper position against thermal transfer plate 1470 and dockscartridge ports 470, 484, 485, and 486 with and spring-loaded fluidicconnections 1410 such as ‘pogo pins’ 1415 or modular microfluidicconnectors or other connectors 1417 with spring forces of, for example,2 kg.

The operator can select a program to process tissue specimen 120 throughuser interface 740 on touchscreen 730 of tablet 750. As shown in FIG.33, the operator can enter on user interface 740 a sample number andname, and select attributes such as the tissue type, organism (hiddenbehind dropdown menu), condition of tissue (e.g., normal, cancerous,degraded, etc.), and to run a pre-programmed script. Other fields can befilled automatically by the software or a LIMS system such as date,cartridge ID (from a barcode), system ID, and software version.

FIG. 33 is an illustrative example of one of many embodiments of theuser interface 740. In some embodiments, the operator can adjust theprocessing enzymatic or chemical solution for their tissue, or theprocessing time, temperature, or details of the mechanical disruption,or other attributes of the preprocessing and any processing steps suchas magnetic bead purifications or enyzmatic reactions such as librarypreparation, PCR amplification, or other molecular biology, chemistry,or quality control steps. In some embodiments, Singulator System 100 canmonitor the processing and adjust the processing according to rules setby the operator or preprogrammed into control software 725. Once theoperator has selected the appropriate conditions and attributes for thetissue specimen 120, the operator will direct the control software 725to run and the instrument can run automatically.

Referring to FIG. 35, control software 725 runs on computer 720 which inthis embodiment is a tablet 750. The figure shows power lines as heavysolid lines, control lines to electronics as light lines, and thehardware devices as dashed lines. This embodiment is supplied power(shown in heavy solid lines) from 24V DC power supply 2220 which drives5V DC step down 2225 and 12 V DC stepdown 2230 as well as stepper driverboard 2114, heater relay board 2250, and syringe pump and six-way valvecontroller 2131 with power daisy-chained to six-way valve controller2210 and six-way valve controller 2212. 5V DC step down 2225 powerscomputer 720 which in turn powers controller 2112 and controller 2122.12 V DC stepdown 2230 powers DC motor board relay board 2132, DC motorboard relay board 2134, and heater relay board 2240.

Computer 720 controls all devices. It has direct connections to syringepump and six-way valve controller 2131 which in turn controls syringepump 2130 and six-way valve 2140; six-way valve controller 2210 which inturn controls six-way valve 2141, and six-way valve controller 2212which in turn controls six-way valve 2142. Computer 720 connects tocontroller 2112 (control line not shown) which controls stepper driverboard 2114 which in turn drives z-axis stepper 2110. Computer 720connects to controller 2114 (control line not shown) which controls DCmotor relay board 2132 which drives magnetic motor 930, DC motor relayboard 2134 which drives rotary motor 2120, heater relay board 2250 whichdrives reagent Peltier 1420, and heater relay board 2240 which drivescartridge Peltier 1440. Many other embodiments are within the scope ofthe invention and are obvious to one skilled in the art.

Referring to FIG. 34, enzymatic or chemical dissolution solution 410 isdelivered to Pre-Processing Chamber 440 from the appropriate reagentreservoir 2143 for example R1 through tubing 2163, six-way valve 2140using syringe pump 2130 through tubing 261 connected to six-way valve2141 to line 495 to reagent addition port 470 on cartridge 200. Thetemperature of cartridge 200 is controlled by cartridge Peltier 1440 bytablet 750. The temperature of Pre-Processing Chambers 440 may be set to37° C. for processing tissue specimens 120 into cells and 4° C. toprocess tissue specimens 120 into nuclei 1050 or other temperatures asthe operator desires.

Using Z-axis stepper 2110, rotary motor coupler 2125 is lowered until itengages with cap 210. In some embodiments the engagement is using alocking mechanism such as a crown shaped coupler 2126 shown in FIG. 36.In a preferred embodiment two magnets 2128 are located on rotary motorcoupler 2126 and two magnets or a bar of ferromagnetic material 2129 oncap 210 is attracted; this embodiments rotationally aligns cap 210 androtary motor coupler 2126. In another embodiment rotary motor coupler2126 has a single embedded permanent magnet 2128 which attracts a magnetor ferromagnetic material 2129 including iron, nickel, cobalt, or othermaterials. In some embodiments this attraction is used to raise grinderrotor 420 after it has been depressed. In other embodiments, cap 210 hasa spring inside the cap to raise grinder rotor 420 when desired whenZ-axis stepper 2110 is raised. Other mechanism such as using a hexshaped coupler with a matching hexagon receptor on cap 210 with a springload, or a gripping chuck, or many other configurations are possiblewithout limitation.

When the cap 210 has been engaged by the rotary motor coupler 2125 andthe appropriate enzymatic or chemical dissolution solution 410 has beendelivered to Pre-Processing Chamber 440, Z-axis stepper 2110 can moverotary grinder 420 down. In some embodiments a force sensor monitors theforce used to move rotary grinder 420 down to ascertain when tissuespecimen 120 is encountered. In some embodiments rotary motor 2120 isrotating as Z-axis stepper 2110 is lowered and the current draw ismonitored to to ascertain when tissue specimen 120 is encountered. Inother embodiment, rotary grinder 2120 is moved to a position without anyforce feedback. Rotary motor 2120 can be actuated and the tissuedisrupted according to the desired program for the tissue.

The program may include many variations of moving in one direction, thenreversing direction. In some versions, the grinder may move downwardduring the grinding and then move upwards to relieve pressure on thetissue. In some embodiments rotary grinder 420 can be rotated at slowspeeds such as 25, 50, or 75 rpm or slower; in other embodiments atspeeds such as 100, 200, 500, or 1,000 rpm or more. The speed of therotation can be changed or the direction reversed and the positioncontrolled by Z-axis stepper 2110. In other embodiments, cartridge 200has a plunger, variable orifice, pestle or other mechanical disruptiondevice.

The Pre-Processing chamber 440 can be temperature controlled by thermaltransfer plate 1470 which is controlled by cartridge Peltier 1440. Inmany cell singulation protocols, the tissue is incubated at 37° C. for30 min and for many nuclei 1050 protocols, the tissue is incubated at 4°C. The system can accommodate a wide range of temperatures, incubationtimes, and mechanical disruption protocols.

Referring to FIG. 34, after mechanical and enzymatic disruption, therotary grinder 420 can be moved to the bottom of Pre-Processing Chamber440 which displaces the now dissociated tissue specimen 120 to the levelof outlet port 471. Vacuum can be applied to waste chamber 431 usingsyringe pump 2130 through six-way valve 2140 and line 2161 throughsix-way valve 2141 and line 498 to upper port 486 of waste chamber 431of cartridge 200; the vacuum in waste chamber 431 pulls through line 477connected to port 478 and port 479 to Processing Chamber 460 and line475 connected to port 476 and port 474 on strainer 450, through line 472connected to outlet port 471 and port 473 to pull the now dissociatedtissue specimen 120 through line 472 into strain chamber 450 and througha filter 341, such as a 70 □m or a 50 □m or 30 □m or other filter, toremove clumps of cells 1000, nuclei 1050, or debris. The filtered sampleis then pulled by the vacuum through port 474 and line 475 and port 476into Processing Chamber 460. The amount of vacuum can be minimized tolessen shearing by filter 341 if desired. For the production of singlecells 1000 and nuclei 1050, the user can remove Processing Chamber cap465 and pipette out the processed sample.

Waste chambers 431 and 432 are designed to be connected to the top andthe bottom of Processing Chamber 460 respectively. This allows wastechamber 432 to withdraw liquid from the bottom of Processing Chamber 460when vacuum is applied while waste chamber 431 will not withdraw liquidfrom Processing Chamber 460 in most circumstances. Waste chambers 431and 432 can optionally contain a liquid absorbent or solid absorbent.

In some instances, the operator will have selected a program thatfurther processes the dissocated tissue specimen 120 in ProcessingChamber 460. For example, the sample can be further processed bymagnetic processing with the Magnetic Processing Module 900. For cells,antibodies to capture specific cell types coupled to magnetic beads orparticles can be added to Processing Chamber 460 by syringe pump 2130from a reagent reservoir such as magnetic beads in 2145 R8 through line2166 and six-way valve 2142 through line 2162 and six-way valve 2140 toline 2161 to six-way valve 2141 and line 497 to reagent addition port485 on Processing Chamber 460. The beads and cells can be mixed bymoving them back and forth in line 475 into the bottom of strain chamber450 by applying vacuum or pressure through lines 472 and 495 and 2161using syringe pump 2130 and six-way valves 2141 and 2140. After mixingand incubation for the desired time, the specific cells for theantibodies attached to the magnetic beads can be collected by usingMagnetic Processing module 900 to move magnet 910 close to ProcessingChamber 460, such as within 1 mm, or 5 mm, or 1 cm, and waiting for 1min, or 2 min, or 5 min or other times. The magnetic beads are capturedon the side of Processing Chamber 460 or in a line such as 475. Theuncaptured cells in the enzymatic or chemical dissolution solution 410can be then removed by applying vacuum to the lower port 483 onprocessing chamber 460 through line 482 to port 481 on waste chamber 432by using port 484 and line 496 through six-way valve 2141 and line 2161and six-way valve 2140 with syringe pump 2130. The desired buffer canthen be added from a reagent reservoir such as 2145 R7 through port 485and line 497 and the magnet 910 moved away from Processing Chamber 460.The cells can be resuspended by again mixing in line 475 as described.Additional cycles of wash can be applied when desired. The purifiedcells attached to the magnetic beads through the antibodies or otheraffinity reagents can then be removed through Processing Chamber cap465.

It will be obvious to one skilled in the art that many variations ofmagnetic bead processing can be used including depletion of types ofcells, removal of cellular debris or tissue debris, capture of nuclei1050 or subcellular components 1060, processing of nucleic acids 1072,or other biomolecules 1070. Other processes can also be performed inProcessing Chamber 460 such as library preparation or other reactions asdescribed herein.

Example Using a Vertical Cartridge in the Singulator System.

Another preferred embodiment of cartridge 200 is shown in FIGS. 37 A-C.This vertical cartridge 200 is designed to be injection molded and thensealed with a material such as a heat sealable plastic or laser welded,ultrasonically welded or other means to seal cartridge 200. It has twochambers for processing samples which facilitates improved mixing duringprocessing steps.

Referring to FIGS. 37 A-C, a typical Process Flow is as follows. Theoperator inserts tissue specimen 120 into the Pre-Processing Chambers440 through sample inlet port 425 and places cap 210 (not shown) ontocartridge 200 and inserts cartridge 200 into the Singulator System 100,Tissue Processing System 80, or Sample Processing System 50 as describedabove. After selection of the appropriate program, the instrument makesthe mechanical connection to cap 210 through rotary motor coupler 2125and fluid/gas connections to the Fluid/Gas Inlets/Outlets 480. Theinstrument also contacts the Pre-Processing Chambers 440 and the twoProcessing Chambers 441 and 442 from the back of cartridge 200 withelements such as cartridge Peltier 1440 which can heat or cool saidfluid chambers.

Enyzmatic or chemical dissolution solution 410 is injected into thePre-Processing Chamber 440 through the fluid channel 441. The solutionmay be heated or cooled by the action of the temperature regulationelements engaged with Pre-Processing Chamber 440. The enyzmatic orchemical dissolution solution 410 can contain enzymes or chemicals tohelp dissociate the tissue specimen 120 or convert cells to nuclei 1050.The grinder rotor 420 is then mechanically rotated and brought up/downby the Singulator System 100 whereby tissue specimen 120 is separatedinto smaller and smaller pieces by the action of the grinding featureson the grinder rotor 420 and grinder stator 421 Single cell 1000 ornuclei 1050 production is achieved by the combined action of thegrinding elements and incubation/exposure of the tissue specimen 120 toreagents 411, e.g., enzymes, or chemicals, or combinations of enzymesand chemicals as described herein. After the tissue disruption issufficiently advanced, the grinder rotor 420 is brought completely downuntil it touches the grinder stator 421 whereby the singulated cells1000 or nuclei 1050 in the enyzmatic or chemical dissolution solution410 are pushed around and above the grinder rotor 420.

All the Fluid/Gas Inlets/Outlets 480 are then sealed and the singulatedcells 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspension, or nucleic acids 1072 are pulledfrom the Pre-Processing Chambers 440 through channel 442 to StrainChamber 450 and then through channel 443 into the Processing Chamber 461by applying negative pressure through channels 446 or 444. A filter 431in Strain Chamber 450 prevents undissociated tissue, cell aggregates,and debris from entering the Processing Chamber 461. Waste Chamber 431can containing a liquid absorbent or solid absorbent to prevent anyliquid from exiting through the Fluid/Gas Inlets/Outlets 480 and intothe Singulator System 100.

If desired, the single cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspension or otherprepared tissue specimen 120 can then be mixed through Channel 448 byapplying alternative negative (and or positive) pressure to channels 444and 445 to move the sample back and forth from Processing Chamber 461 toProcessing Chamber 462. If no further processing is desired, theoperator can pull out the single cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspension orother processed sample through an opening or processing chamber cap 465(not shown) in the top wall of Processing Chamber 461 or ProcessingChamber 462.

For the positive selection or depletion of specific cell types, ornuclei 1050, or subcellular components 1060, or biomolecules 1070, orfor washing the cells and/or for exchanging the buffer, the single cell1000 or nuclei 1050 suspensions can be further processed by usingcell-specific, or nuclei-specific, or other affinity reagents coupled tomagnetic beads or using paramagnetic bead purification of nucleic acids1072 or other methods. For example, cell-type specific ornuclei-specific, or other affinity magnetic beads and reaction solutionsare injected through Channel 444 into Processing Chamber 461. The beadsare incubated with the single cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspension bymixing though channel 448 as described above, whereby the magnetic beadsbind to their target cells. Then, magnet(s) 910 is/are applied to thebackside of Processing Chambers 461 and/or 462 depending where thesample is moved to, whereby the magnetic beads (and attached cells ornuclei or other biocomponents) are attracted to and held at theProcessing Chamber 461 or 462 wall(s). The single cell 1000 or nuclei1050 solution now depleted of specific targets is pulled into ProcessingChamber 461 by applying negative pressure to channel 444 (and/orpositive pressure to channels 445 and 446 and then sequentially into theWaste Chamber 432 containing a liquid or solid absorbent substance byapplying a negative pressure through channels 447 and 449.

Simultaneously or subsequently, washing solution can be injected throughchannel 444 and the beads attached to magnet 910 can be washed with awash buffer by combinations of mixing, magnetic release/application andpulling liquid to the Waste Chamber 432. This process can be repeatedone or more times. Similar processing can also be used to resuspend thesingle cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 in a specific buffer or growthsolution.

After the single cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 are in the desired outputbuffer, the magnet 910 is released, the cells homogeneously resuspendedby mixing in channel 448, and then the single cell 1000 or nuclei 1050suspension is pulled either into Processing Chamber 461 or 462. Theoperator can then pull out the single cell 1000 or nuclei 1050suspension through an opening in the top wall of Processing Chamber 461or 462 covered by a foil-seal, or septum, or processing chamber cap 465or other mechanism (not shown). Other processing/reaction/fluidicelements can be added to the cartridge as desired to enable additionalprocessing modes in including without limitation tangential flowfiltration, optical interrogation, library preparation, and nucleic acidpurification.

Four-Sample Singulator System

A Four-Sample Singulator System 2400 is shown in FIG. 27 bottom right.Tissue specimens 120 are loaded into any of four cartridges 200, theappropriate program selected on the touchscreen 730 graphical userinterface 740, and the system executes the appropriate workflow for thetissue and genomic application. The core of the Four-Sample SingulatorSystem 2400 can be the Single-Sample Singulator System 2000, expanded toaccept four cartridges. The expansion can be comprised of the additionof cartridge interface assemblies with cartridge Peltier 1440, fluidicconnections, a Z-axis stepper 2110, rotary motor 2120, a six-way valve2142, control boards, and other components for each additional cartridgeadded. In one embodiment one or up to four cartridges 200 can be run atthe same time with the same or different programs.

Enhanced Singulator System

The workflow of the Singulator System 100 can be extended downstream inan Enhanced Singulator System 2500 as shown in FIG. 38 and additionalprocessing capabilities added to integrate and simplify the workflowsfor genomics and other applications for operators. An optical module2600 can be added to determine titer and viability. A tangential flowfiltration module 2700 can be added to replace the enzymatic mixturewith a buffer of choice at a volume to produce the proper titer andbuffer for downstream processes. Downstream processing in the ProcessingChamber 460 can be extended to lyse red blood cells and performchemistries such bulk library preparation. Many other modules andapplications can be added.

Optical Module

The determination of the viability and number of cells is critical toproduce titered cell suspensions 1300 automatically for downstreamprocessing without further intervention. Currently, after cells areprepared from tissue, separate instruments are used to count the numberof cells and viability, e.g., FACS, a cell counter, or a microscope, andcentrifugation to wash and concentrate the cells, or FACS to selectcertain cell types and remove debris.

An optical module 2600 can be incorporated into an Enhanced SingulatorSystem 2500 to interrogate samples for titer, viability, and processcontrol to potentially produce less stressed cells. The viabilitydetermination can be performed using bright-field illumination with anadded stain, e.g., Trypan Blue, or with fluorescence live/dead stainssuch as SYTOX Green or others. Viability staining can be detrimental tothe viability of the cells, interfere with downstream labeling, orrequire optical quality cartridges.

Referring to FIG. 39, a preferred embodiment is to take a small aliquot,such as 10 to 50 □L, from a port in the cartridge 200, such as theProcessing chamber cap 465, with a pipettor 2660 on a two-axis stage2665, move the pipettor 2660 to flowcell 2620, and dispense the sampleinto reservoir 2621 and then the pipettor 2660 picks up and adds theappropriate dye, e.g., Trypan Blue, or other, and optionally usespipettor 2660 to mix the aliquot with the dye in reservoir 2621 bypipetting up and down. In some embodiments no dye is used.

The mixed aliquot and dye is then moved into the flowcell 2620 byapplying vacuum on line 2627 through waste container 2626 and line 2625and connector 2622 to pull the mixed aliquot and dye into flowcell 2620.Alternatively, the dimensions of the flowcell 2620 may sufficientlysmall for the mixed aliquot and dye to be pulled in by capillary actionwith the aliquot and dye can be premixed in the pipettor 2660 or otherplace. In another embodiment, pipettor 2660 can seal at the end ofreservoir 2621 to push the mixed aliquot and dye into flowcell 2620.Many other methods of moving the aliquot are envisioned and within thescope of the present invention including pneumatic pumps, peristalicpumps, electrokinetic pumps, mechanical pumps, and other pumps locatedon or off the device, as well as many other ways to move the aliquot.The mixed aliquot and dye in flowcell 2620 can then be interrogated byan optical imaging device 2675 to measure brightfield or fluorescence orother images of the cells or nuclei in flowcell 2620.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 39, a ‘staring’ epifluorescentimager 2675 interrogates flowcell 2620. A light source 2610, comprisedof LED, lasers, laser diodes, halogen lamps, or other light sources,outputs beam 2615 which is reflected by beam-splitter 2630 and focusedby lens 2617 to illuminate the sample in flowcell 2620. Emittedfluorescent signal 2631 passes through lens 2617 and hits beamsplitter2630 which will allow the longer wavelength fluorescence to pass throughcreating fluorescent signal 2632, which in turn can pass throughlaser-line blocker 2635 and optical filter 2640 before reaching detector2650. Detector 2650 can have many different embodiments comprised of CCDcameras, preferrably with greater than 10 megapixels, photomultipliertubes, avalanche photodiodes, photodiodes, CMOS detectors, or othersensors. In a preferred embodiment, detector 2650 has an array ofdetection sensor elements to form pixels of image. In some embodiments,imager 2675 can stare without moving, and in other embodiments part ofthe imager 2675 may physically move to scan the flowcell 2620 such as aflying head imager, or a galvoscanner, or other implementations wellknown to one skilled in the art. The optical path can be adapted to thelight source 2610 and in some embodiments will use a diffuse beamwithout a beamsplitter for brightfield illumination. In someembodiments, confocal imaging can be used to improve signal-to-noise. Insome embodiments, multiple detectors, beamsplitters, and filter sets areused to separate different wavelengths of light or otherwise process thelight.

In a preferred embodiment, the flowcell 2620 geometry is made fromoptical glass with a 100 □m channel. In other embodiments, arrays offluidic channels are used in flowcell 2620 to allow multiple aliquots tobe detected. In some embodiments, one or more glass capillaries withburned windows are used as flowcell 2620. In some embodiment, pipettor2660 and two axis robot 2665 are replaced with fluidic plumbing todeliver the aliquot to reservoir 2621.

In some embodiments, the imager 2675 and detector 2650 can beautofocused with flowcell 2620. In one embodiment, the autofocusingmoves imager 2675 and detector 2650 using motor 2680 to move in smallincrements, e.g., less than 1 □m, less than 2 □m, less than 5 □m, lessthan 10 □m, less than 20 □m, less than 25 □m, less than 50 □m, or lessthan 100 □m to focus on features on flowcell 2620 or the Raman line ofwater in flowcell 2620 or other features. The features may be the top orbottom surface of the flowcell 2620 or may be features designed intoflowcell 2620 to simplify focusing such as a grid of lines or 3-Dfeatures. Software interprets the images to determine the focal planefor best resolution. In another embodiment, the detector 2650 and theflowcell 2620 are rigidly fixed optically to place flowcell 2620 alwaysin the plane of focus.

After the mixed aliquot with dye has been interrogated by imager 2675,in one embodiment, the mixed aliquot and dye is then moved into wastecontainer 2626 by applying vacuum on line 2627 through waste container2626, line 2625, and connector 2622 to pull the mixed aliquot and dyefrom flowcell 2620 into waste container 2626. The flowcell 2620 is thencleaned for reuse, such as by having pipettor 2660 pipetting cleaningsolutions, such as 100 mM NaOH followed by 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 7 followedby deionized water into reservoir 2621 and after a suitable incubationtime, pulling the cleaning solution into waste 2626 as described. Manyother cleaning protocols are within the scope of the invention.

Camera control and image acquisition can be based on Point Grey/FLIRSpinnaker SDK optimized for machine vision applications or other imageprocessing software such as Image J freeware, Cell Profiler, or othersoftware. The output of the imaging device 2675 can be processed insoftware to quantify total number of viable cells and non-viable cellsor to detect subcellular components 1060 and nuclei 1050 or quantifybiomolecules 1070 such as nucleic acids 1072. In some embodiments,chemicals or biologicals can be added to the aliquot to allowmeasurement of their impact on freshly produced cells 1000 or nuclei1050 or other cellular components. In some embodiments, with two or morefluidic channels, chemicals or biologicals can be added to one or moreof two or more identical aliquots but not to another aliquot which canserve as the control. In some embodiments, the single cells 1000 can beimaged and genetically modified such as with CRISPR and the cellscollected for subsequent usage.

Monitoring of cell titer and viability at intervals will enable theSingulator System 100 to adjust the mechanical or enzymatic regime togentler or harsher enzymatic and mechanical conditions as needed for atissue that dissociates easier than expected or harder. For example,cancerous tissues have different properties than normal tissues and mayneed individual adjustment and optimization of disruption conditions forbest results. Singulator System 100 can process images from imager 2675with Control Subsystem 700 control software 725 to monitor the tissuedissociation rate by the number of cells or cellular components producedper time interval. When applicable, the operator or control software 725can increase or decrease the mechanical disruption or the enzymatic orchemical formulation changed to stronger or weaker solutions.

Tangential Flow Filtration Module.

The production of titered single cells for direct processing by singlecell DNA sequencing or scRNA-Seq can simplify the tasks for the genomicscientist. The optical module 2600 can measure the number and viabilityof the single cells and the single cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspensionscan be adjusted for titer, typically by dilution. In the lab, theworkflow involves centrifugation, washing, and resuspension to replacethe buffer and remove debris, or by FACS sorting. In a fluidic deviceaccomplishing this can be done using magnetic bead processing orfiltration; however, ‘dead-end’ filtration is prone to clogging, canshear cells, and recovery of filtered cells can be problematic. Theseproblems have been solved in the biopharmaceutical industry by usingtangential flow filtration (TFF).

In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 40, a five-layer cartridge 2705with full process integration was designed. This cartridge is laser cutfrom acrylic, and assembled with pressure-sensitive adhesive (ARcare90445) with embedded tangential flow filters 2710 and strainer filter2711. The layered cartridge, and similar ones designed only to test TFF,can be assembled a variety of tangential flow filters 2710 (e.g., 0.8 □mDurapore, 5 □m Durapore, Isopore, Fluoropore). The five-layer cartridge2705 also has optical areas 2720 to interrogate the viability and titerof the single-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspension in the cartridge 2705at different parts of the workflow. The cells are gently movedtangential to the filters by a syringe plunger or other method connectedto the AutoSingulator 2100 while buffers are circulated on the opposingside of the tangential flow filters 2710 by syringe pumps 2130.

TFF can be incorporated in many embodiments of cartridges 200 in theProcessing Chamber 460 to add the ability to concentrate cellsuspensions, remove debris, and change buffers. The implementation is aninterplay between cartridge design and the on-instrument processdevelopment. Cartridge 200 can be designed to incorporate parallelfilters into the molding process, routinely done for syringe filters.The Enhanced Singulator System 2500 can seal the cartridge 200 andprovide the circulation of buffer driven by pumps comprised ofperistaltic pumps, micropumps (e.g., TCS Micropumps), or others directedby control software 725. The TFF module can be incorporated in manycartridge 200 designs and with many embodiments of the Sample ProcessingSystem 50, Tissue Processing System 80, or the Singulator System 100.

Downstream Processing: Red Blood Cell Lysis.

The Enhanced Singulator System 2500 has the capability to performadditional biochemistry after single cells 1000, nuclei 1050, orbiomolecules 1070 have been produced or purified. Syringe pump 2130 candeliver reagents to the Preprocessing Chamber 440 or Processing Chamber460 of the cartridge 200 which enables multiple process options.

In many procedures, red blood cells (RBC) are present in high titer inthe starting tissue and need to be removed by perfusion or later bylysis. Red blood cell lysis can be added as an option to the workflowafter production of single-cell suspensions 1000 or purified single-cellsuspensions 1100 or other outputs as follows. RBC lysis solution (e.g.,0.5% ammonium chloride or commercially available solutions) is moved bysyringe pump 2130 into Processing Chamber 460 and mixed with thesingle-cell 1000 in suspensions by methods such as bubbling, fluid flow,magnetic stirring, or other methods, and the lysis solution and thesingle-cell 1000 suspensions incubated for five minutes or less at roomtemperature or other temperatures. The time course and temperature canbe optimized to adjust parameters to conditions that favor highviability for the tissue specimen 120 with the requirements of the RBClysis. After lysis, the RBC lysis solution can be removed or diluted toprotect the other cell types either by TFF processing or rapid dilutionwith buffer.

Single Librarian Embodiment

The Enhanced Singulator System 2500 embodiment can be extended to createa Single Librarian 3000 embodiment with integrated optical analysis todetermine viability and titer, tangential flow filtration to wash cellsor nuclei to replace the buffer and adjust the titer, magneticprocessing to capture nucleic acids and integrate pooled libraryenzymatic steps, and integration of single-cell/nuclei nanodroplet ornanobolus processing and library preparation. Real-time titer andviability data enables adapting tissue processing reagents andmechanical disruption in almost real-time using machine learning orother analytical methods: the system could potentially autotune samplepreparation of single-cells 1000, nuclei 1050 or other cellularcomponents using singulation and viability metrics or production metricssuch as the concentration of cellular components.

The Single Librarian 3000 embodiment as shown in FIG. 41 and anexemplary workflow shown in FIG. 43 adds capabilities to produce 1)titered single-cell suspensions 1300 that have been imaged and the titeradjusted in the buffer for downstream processing, 2) matched bulknucleic acid preparations 1010, 3) single-cell libraries 1200, 4) singlenuclei libraries 1250, and 5) matched bulk libraries 1210. Bulk is usedto refer to preparations where more than one and frequently numeroussingle cells have been pooled or processed together and the individualsignals such as DNA or RNA sequence are no longer distinguishable exceptas a composite signal. Matched is used to mean the nucleic acidpreparation or library can be a bulk preparation or library that is frompart of a batch of single cells 1000 or nuclei 1050 that are used tocreate a single cell library 1200 or single nuclei library 1250 and canserve as the bulk aggregated control for the single cells 1000 or nuclei1050.

In a preferred embodiment, the Single Librarian 3000 can be configuredto process any number of tissue samples automatically withtissue-specific disposable cartridges and enzymatic formulations toproduce single-cell 1000 and nuclei 1050 suspensions and libraries, sucha single sample, or four, or eight, or 12, or 96, or 384, or moresamples. The processing time for single-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050suspensions can be less than 2 min, or less than ten min, or less than30 min, or less than two hours or less than four hours or other times.The processing can use optimized enzyme formulations for the productionof single-cells 1000 or nuclei 1050. Magnetic bead processing can purifycell types, or nuclei, or organelles, or nucleic acids, or linkbiochemical reactions for library preparation.

Nanodroplets without single-cells 2810 or with single-cells 2820 can beproduced with microfluidic nozzles 2800, as shown in FIG. 42, ornanoboluses can be produced by using modular microfluidic connectors620, three line connectors with a “T”, or other configurations with theboluses being created as the acqueous single cells 1000 or nuclei 1050or other sample produced by the Enhanced Singulator System 2500 gothrough the noozle with an emulsion oil introduced through the sidechannels. While FIG. 42 shows the sample in agarose, in manyimplementations the single cells 1000 can be in a buffer withoutagarose. Emulsion oils are comprised of immiscible fluids (such asFluorinert®; mineral oil; silicone-based oil; fluorinated oils; DropletGeneration Oil (Biorad, #1863005); emulsion oil (Life Technologies, PartNo. 4469000); 73% Tegosoft DEC (Diethylhexyl Carbonate), 20% mineraloil, and 7% ABIL WE; 0.12% Span (v/v), 0.00325% Tween 80 (v/v),0.0000125% Triton X-100 (v/v) in mineral oil; and other formulations.

An optical module 2600 can determine titer, viability, and QC samplesduring preparation, and the information can used for real-time processoptimization by adjusting parameters comprising temperature, enzymeconcentration and formulation including purified enzymes and use ofacetate counterion salts in buffers and osmoprotectants such as glycinebetaine, proline, glutamate, threhalose, etc. or chemicals andconditions.

The Single Librarian 3000 embodiment can integrate the workflows andprocessing of solid tissues from raw specimens to genomic samples tode-skill the workflow for single-cell sequencing and standardizeproduction of single-cell suspensions and libraries. This will helpresearchers at laboratories in educational and research institutions,biopharmaceuticals, and applied markets (e.g., food testing,agriculture, animal sciences, etc.), and ultimately the clinicalcommunity to access single-cell sequencing and to NGS sample preparationfor tissue.

The Single Librarian 3000 embodiment can function as follows in oneembodiment, as shown in the workflow outlined in FIG. 43 for singlecells. Tissue specimen 120 is added to cartridge 200 in the CellSingulator module 800 where mechanical and enzymatic or chemicaldissociation occurs as described above. The resultant single-cell 1000or nuclei 1050 suspension or other products is strained and can then beoptionally affinity purified in Magnet module 900. To produce matchedbulk nucleic acid, an aliquot of the single-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050suspension can be moved from Pre-Processing Chamber 440 to ProcessingChamber 460. The aliquot of single-cells can have 7 M guanidine, sodiumisocyanate, or other chaotrophs added along with paramagnetic beads suchas SPRI beads (Beckman Coulter), Dynabeads (Thermo Fisher), or manyother beads with COOH or other surface coatings or no coatings. Thetissue specimen 120 can also be lysed directly without producing singlecells 1000 or nuclei 1050 as an intermediary step. Alternatively, alysis agent can be added and then the freed nucleic acid precipitatedupon the beads using salt and polyethylene glycol or other chemistries.The amount of beads can be chosen to be limit the amount of nucleicacids 1072 that can bind, thereby normalizing the nucleic acidconcentration. The chaotroph will lyse the cells, releasing the nucleicacid 1072 which is then forced onto the bead surface in a standardbead-based nucleic acid purification. The nucleic acid 1072 can bewashed, such as with 70% ethanol, one or more times. If desired, thenucleic acid can be eluted into a buffer such as 10 mM Tris HCl or waterto form matched bulk nucleic acid 1010 which can be output for offinstrument processes or used as the starting material for a matched bulknucleic acid library 1210. To process matched bulk nucleic acid 1010into matched bulk nucleic acid library 1210, the matched bulk nucleicacid 1010 is processed differently for DNA and RNA libraries.

DNA Library Production Using Tagmentation

Libraries for NGS can be prepared using tagmentation with transposonsincluding the Nextera Tagmentation(http://www.epibio.com/docs/default-source/protocols/nextera-dna-sample-prep-kit-(illumina—compatible).pdf?sfvrsn=4).In this embodiment, referring to FIG. 44, double stranded DNA 820 isproduced in Processing Chamber 460 and transposons, e.g., Nexteraenzyme, reaction mix, and water are added by syringe pump 2130. Thereaction is incubated for example at 55° C. for 5 min. A beadpurification is performed using Magnetic module 900 to remove reactantsand purify the double stranded product with transposon inserted into theDNA on the beads which are still in the Processing Chamber 460. Syringepump 2130 is used to add Nuclease-Free Water, Nextera Adaptor 2 (orother barcoded adapters), Nextera PCR Enzyme, PCR Buffer, and NexteraPrimer Cocktail. If the Processing Chamber 460 also has a thermalcycling capability in the instrument with cartridge Peltier 1440, ninecycles of PCR can be performed. A bead purification is performed toremove reactants and purify the double stranded DNA product beforeelution into buffer or water. The double stranded bulk DNA library 1010is now ready to QC and bridge amplification on the flow cell of thesequencer. Many variations of the method described here are within theinstant disclosure and are obvious to one skilled in the art.

DNA Library Production Using Polishing, End Repair, and Ligation.

Another embodiment of the workflow to produce libraries is illustratedin FIG. 45. Double-stranded DNA attached to a bead, such as doublestranded cDNA attached to bead 684, or bulk nucleic acid absorbed ontobeads, can if needed be fragmented enzymatically, e.g. Fragmentase® (NewEngland Biolabs, M0348), with restriction enzymes, nucleases, or otherenzymes, or chemically. Enyzmes or chemicals can be added to ProcessingChamber 460 by syringe pump 2130 and incubated. Following fragmentation,the now fragmented nucleic acid can be forced onto paramagnetic beads,the magnetic beads captured, and the nucleic acid 1072 purified bywashes.

The fragmented nucleic acid can be end-polished in Processing Chamber460 by addition of reaction mix and enzymes, for example, the NEBNext®End Repair Module (NEB E 6050S) reagents, from syringe pump 2130 togenerate end-polished DNA product 810, an end-polished, blunt-endeddouble-stranded DNA having 5″-phosphates and 3″-hydroxyls; other kitssuch as Agilent PCR polishing kit 200409 and other enzymology canperform the same function. Following end polishing, a magneticseparation is performed in Processing Chamber 460 to remove reactantsand enzymes from end-polished DNA product 810.

Following polishing, A-tailing is used to generate fragments ready toligate with a primer with a complementary T overhang and to preventconcatamer formation during ligation. A-tailing can be performed usingcommercially available kits such as the NEBNext® dA-Tailing Module (NEBE6053S) with enzyme and master mix added from the syringe pump 2130 toProcessing Chamber 460 containing end-polished DNA product 810 andincubating the reaction to produce blunt-ended double-stranded DNAhaving 5′-phosphates with an A residue overhang on the 3′ end, A-tailingDNA product 815. Following A tailing, a magnetic separation is performedin Processing Chamber 460 to remove reactants and enzymes from A-tailingDNA product 815.

A double stranded second primer 611 with a complementary T overhang canbe ligated by DNA ligase onto the 3′ end of A-tailing DNA product 815.DNA ligase, DNA ligase reaction mix, and second primer 611 (such as NEBNext Adapter) are added by syringe pump 2130 to Processing Chamber 460and incubating the reaction. DNA ligation can be performed usingcommercially available kits or reactions, e.g. NEBNext® Quick LigationModule, NEB E6056S. Following DNA ligation, a magnetic separation isperformed in Processing Chamber 460 to remove reactants and enzymes. Theproduct is now a double stranded DNA product 820 that has incorporatedsecond sequencing primer 611 or can have two adapters attached dependingon the workflow. The product of the ligation can be a matched bulknucleic acid library 1210. The fragment sizes for the downstream NGSanalysis can be selected by a two step ‘heart cut’ precipitation ontobeads, with one cut selecting for fragments longer than a lower cutoff,e.g., 400 bases, and the second cut selecting for fragments shorter thana high cutoff, e.g., 600 bases.

For bulk RNA, after nucleic acid purification to produce bulk matchednucleic acid 1010, the RNA can optionally be fragmented by addition ofmetal cations from syringe pump 2130 to Processing Chamber 460 followedby magnetic bead purification to produce purified fragmented nucleicacid. The polyadenylated RNA can then be converted to cDNA using a polyT primer and reverse transcriptase in Processing Chamber 460. The cDNAcan now be treated as described above for DNA Library Production usingpolishing, end repair, and ligation or with Tagmentation to produce bulkmatched RNA libraries.

Production of Single-Cell Libraries from Polyadenylated mRNA inSingle-Cell or Nuclei Suspensions.

In one embodiment of the single-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 libraryworkflow, after production of single-cell suspensions 1000 in thePreprocessing Chamber 440 in the Cell Singulation module 800, the cellsare moved through the strainer into the Processing Chamber 460.Referring to FIG. 46, the single-cell 1000 or nuclei 1050 suspensionscan be optionally purified for specific cell type using affinitypurification in Magnetic module 900. The single-cell suspension is thencounted in the Optical module 2600, and the titer and buffer adjusted asneeded in the TFF module 2700.

The single-cell suspension in appropriate buffer is then mixed withbeads which can have poly T containing primers embedded for mRNA, andmoved to a microfluidic nozzle 2800, e.g., as shown in FIG. 42 eitherconnected through fluidics or using the 2 axis robot 2665 and pipettor2660 to deliver the sample to the microfluidic nozzle 2800. Thesingle-cell suspension and beads are passed through microfluidic nozzle2800 to produce nanodroplets 2810, some of which will contain a bead2820 and some nanodroplets containing both a bead and a single-cell.

The processing of the single-cells can be as described in InternationalPatent Publication WO 2017/075,293 (Jovanovich and Wagner, “Method andapparatus for encoding cellular spatial position information”), thecontents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. The samemethods can be utilized in the Single Librarian without the use ofspatial barcodes.

A preferred embodiment for mRNA is described in more detail. In oneembodiment, single channel fluidics are used. Referring to FIG. 46,barcoded oligonucleotide-functionalized beads 680 with a poly T sequenceas the capture region on oligonucleotide 601 in lysis/reversetranscriptase mix is added to the single-cell suspension. Monodispersenanodroplets from single cells with beads with lysis/RT mix, areproduced using a nozzle 2800. The output of the microfluidic nozzle 2800is moved back to the Processing Chamber 460 if needed. Cells are lysedby lysis buffer, heating, or other methods and polyadenylated mRNA 681captured onto the oligonucleotide to form captured mRNA structure 682.The oligonucleotides 601 can be barcoded for spatial barcode information607 if desired as well as cellular barcodes 608 and molecule barcodes609. Amplification primer 604 and sequencing primer 605 may be includedon the oligonucleotide, or may be added in downstream librarypreparation methods as needed. The amplification primers 604 can be forT7 polymerase for amplified RNA production, PCR, rolling circletranscription-based amplification, rapid amplification of cDNA ends,continuous flow amplification, and other amplification methods.

After lysis and capture of the mRNA onto the poly T, a reversetranscriptase reaction is performed in Processing Chamber 460 to producecDNA attached to bead 683, formed from the mRNA, and now containing thecellular and molecular barcodes as well as the optional spatial barcodein addition to any sequencing and amplification primers attached to thebead 680 through an optional cleavable linker. Cleavage of the linkercan release the cDNA from the bead when desired. A photocleavable orchemical cleavable linker and fluorescent tag(s) to aid in qualitycontrol and process development is included in the instant disclosure.As required, fragmentation of the RNA or cDNA can be performed usingmethods comprised of chemical, biochemical, and physical methods.Alternative preferred embodiments include performing an RNA ligasereaction to covalently join the mRNA to one strand of the doublestranded oligonucleotide after lysis and capture of the mRNA ontooligonucleotide-functionalized beads 680 with a poly T sequence as thecapture region 610, or ligating RNA to a single stranded RNA or DNAattached to the bead. The produced cDNA can then be used in the librarypreparation as described above for bulk nucleic acid librarypreparation. In an alternative embodiment, the cDNA still attached tothe bead can be ligated with a second primer or adapter to produce alibrary. In some embodiments the cDNA can be directly readout on ananopore or other sequencer.

Determination of Amplification of Nucleic Acid and NormalizationThereof.

In many applications in genomics, an amplification step is required toproduce enough material for the downstream analysis instrument. Forexample, in NGS after library creation, a PCR step may be requiredbefore loading the DNA sequencer. While PCR amplification isstraightforward, many targets may amplify unevenly, leading touncertainty about the actual amount of the target in the unamplifiedlibrary. This prevents determination of the absolute amount of thetarget.

scRNA-Seq is a novel method to sequence mRNA from single-cells. Aftercapture of the mRNA typically onto a bead with a poly T sequence, themRNA is processed with reverse transcriptase to produce cDNA usingprimers that may have barcodes for the cell and the molecules that arethen made into a library.

The amount of amplification for each molecule can be measured and usedto normalize the resulting sequencing data to minimize amplification orreadout biases. To do this, the PCR amplification primer can incorporatea set of enumeration barcodes such as a three base long barcode that israndom. Once the fragment is amplified and sequenced, the number ofbases that appear in the enumeration barcodes can be counted todetermine the degree of amplification. A three base enumeration barcodewould be useful for up to a 64-fold amplification: enumeration barcodeswith more bases could extend the range as high as desired. For theexample where three bases are used in the enumeration barcode, therepresentation of each of the 64 possible sequences is determined andthat number is used to normalize the representation of that molecule inthe final NGS data, such that if 32 combinations were found in a firstsequence and 16 in a second sequence, the depth of the first sequencewould be adjusted by a factor of two with respect to the second sequenceto normalize for the amplification and readout biases.

Example: Sample-to-Answer System

In other embodiments a Sample Processing System 50 is combined with ananalyzer 4000 to create a sample to answer system. In a preferredembodiment, referring to FIG. 47, the Single Librarian 3000 isphysically integrated with a genetic analyzer such as a NGS system. Inthis embodiment, the Single Librarian 3000 processes a specimen 101,preferrably a tissue specimen 120, into single cell libraries 1200, ornuclei libraries 1250 or bulk libraries 1210 or other materials whichthen can be analyzed on an genetic analyzer 4000 comprised of a nucleicacid sequencer, more preferably an NGS or NNGS sequencer, to producegenetic analysis information 4500 such as DNA sequence, or RNA sequence,or single nucleotide variations, or nucleic acid modifications. Theprepared library is fluidically moved into the analyzer 4000 anddelivered to its flowcell or other input for analysis or furtherprocessing such as bridge amplification. This may replace the on-boardlibrary preparation found on some NGS sequencers or directly couple to ananopore or other analytical device.

This produces a tissue-to-answer genomic system 5000 capable ofperforming bulk sequencing of tissue, or single cell sequencing oftissue, or single nuclei sequencing of tissue, or mitochondriasequencing of tissue, or other sample-to-answer genetic analysis fornucleic acids 1072, DNA 1073, RNA 1074 comprised of microRNAs, longnon-coding RNA, ribosomal RNA, message RNAs, etc.

As used herein, the following meanings apply unless otherwise specified.The word “may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having thepotential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Thewords “include”, “including”, and “includes” and the like meanincluding, but not limited to. The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the”include plural referents. Thus, for example, reference to “an element”includes a combination of two or more elements, notwithstanding use ofother terms and phrases for one or more elements, such as “one or more.”The term “or” is, unless indicated otherwise, non-exclusive, i.e.,encompassing both “and” and “or.”

It should be understood that the description and the drawings are notintended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but tothe contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents,and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the presentinvention as defined by the appended claims. Further modifications andalternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will beapparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description.Accordingly, this description and the drawings are to be construed asillustrative only and are for the purpose of teaching those skilled inthe art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to beunderstood that the forms of the invention shown and described hereinare to be taken as examples of embodiments. Elements and materials maybe substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts andprocesses may be reversed or omitted, and certain features of theinvention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to oneskilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of theinvention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in thefollowing claims. Headings used herein are for organizational purposesonly and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description.

1.-30. (canceled)
 31. A method of analyzing cells comprising: (a)introducing a tissue or cell sample into a chamber such that the tissueor cell sample is in a liquid medium that is in contact with a grindingstator within the chamber; (b) introducing a tissue disruptor comprisingdisruptor grinding features that protrude from the tissue disruptor intothe chamber; (c) performing mechanical disruption of the tissue or cellsample in the chamber, wherein the mechanical disruption is conducted bygrinding the tissue or cell sample between the disruptor grindingfeatures and the grinding stator to produce (i) released cells orreleased subcellular organelles and (ii) debris; (d) separating thereleased cells or the released subcellular organelles from a portion ofthe debris; and (e) collecting the released cells or releasedsubcellular organelles in a liquid suspension.
 32. The method of claim31, further comprising: (f) analyzing the released cells or releasedsubcellular organelles.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein thedisruptor grinding features comprise multiple teeth positioned on asurface of the tissue disruptor.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein thegrinding stator comprises stator grinding features that access aninterior region of the chamber.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein themechanical disruption is further conducted by grinding the tissue orcell sample between a surface of the tissue disruptor and the statorgrinding features.
 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the mechanicaldisruption comprises use of a buffer comprising at least one reagentselected from the group consisting of: a detergent; an enzyme; and anRNase inhibitor.
 37. The method of claim 31, wherein the mechanicaldisruption comprises use of a buffer comprising a detergent that lysescells but not nuclei.
 38. The method of claim 31, wherein the mechanicaldisruption comprises moving the tissue disruptor up and down, androtating the tissue disruptor.
 39. The method of claim 31, wherein thechamber is situated in a cartridge comprising an instrument interface.40. The method of claim 31, wherein the tissue disruptor slideably moveswithin the chamber.
 41. The method of claim 31, wherein the tissuedisruptor comprises a cap that releasably engages with an instrument.42. The method of claim 31, wherein the chamber is operably connected toa temperature regulation element that controls temperature in thechamber.
 43. The method of claim 31, wherein the separating the releasedcells or the released subcellular organelles from the portion of thedebris comprises moving the liquid suspension into a strainer chambercomprising a strainer or filter.
 44. The method of claim 31, wherein theproviding a tissue sample or cell sample comprises providing a tissuesample.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the tissue sample comprisesan organ or organ fragment.
 46. The method of claim 44, wherein theorgan or organ fragment is a kidney, lung, spleen, liver, gut, orfragment thereof.
 47. The method of claim 44, wherein the tissue samplecomprises cancerous tissue.
 48. The method of claim 44, wherein thetissue sample comprises frozen tissue.
 49. The method of claim 31,wherein the released cells or released subcellular organelles comprisereleased cells.
 50. The method of claim 31, wherein the released cellsor released subcellular organelles comprise released subcellularorganelles.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the released subcellularorganelles comprise released mitochondria or released ribosomes.
 52. Themethod of claim 50, wherein the released subcellular organelles comprisereleased nuclei.
 53. The method of claim 32, wherein the analyzing thereleased cells or released subcellular organelles comprises performingoptical imaging to measure titer, clumping, viability, or a combinationthereof, of the released cells or the released subcellular organelles.54. The method of claim 32, wherein the analyzing the released cells orreleased subcellular organelles comprises performing sequencing of DNAor RNA derived from the released cells or released subcellularorganelles.
 55. The method of claim 32, wherein analyzing the releasedcells or released subcellular organelles comprises performing singlecell or single nuclei sequencing of DNA or RNA derived from the releasedcells or released subcellular organelles.
 56. The method of claim 31,further comprising monitoring and adjusting a force applied to thetissue or cell sample by the tissue disruptor.
 57. The method of claim31, wherein the separating the released cells or the releasedsubcellular organelles from the portion of the debris is automated. 58.The method of claim 31, wherein the chamber is configured as a cylinder,the tissue disruptor comprises a portion configures as a disk orcylinder that fits within the chamber, and comprises a space between thedisk or cylinder and a wall of the chamber, and wherein the chamberfurther comprises a port positioned above the disk or cylinder when thetissue disruptor is fully depressed.
 59. The method of claim 58, whereinthe collecting the cells or released subcellular organelles comprisesapplying pressure or suction to move the cells or released subcellularorganelles out of the chamber through the port.
 60. The method of claim31, wherein the chamber is situated in a cartridge comprising aninstrument interface, the cartridge is engaged with the instrument, andthe instrument actuates the tissue disruptor to perform mechanicaldisruption and moves liquids into and out of the chamber.